Abundance and habitat relationships of breeding birds in the Sky Islands and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of northwest Mexico
2016; Association of Field Ornithologists; Volume: 87; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/jofo.12151
ISSN1557-9263
AutoresAaron D. Flesch, Carlos González, Javier Valenzuela Amarillas,
Tópico(s)Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
ResumoThe Sierra Madre Occidental and neighboring Madrean Sky Islands span a large and biologically diverse region of northwest Mexico and portions of the southwestern United States. Little is known about the abundance and habitat use of breeding birds in this region of Mexico, but such information is important for guiding conservation and management. We assessed densities and habitat relationships of breeding birds across Sky Island mountain ranges in Mexico and adjacent portions of the Sierra Madre from 2009 to 2012. We estimated densities at multiple spatial scales, assessed variation in densities among all major montane vegetation communities, and identified and estimated the effects of important habitat attributes on local densities. Regional density estimates of 65% of 72 focal species varied significantly among eight montane vegetation communities that ranged from oak savannah and woodland at low elevations to pine and mixed-conifer forest at high elevations. Greater proportions of species occurred at peak densities or were relatively restricted to mixed-conifer forest and montane riparian vegetation likely because of higher levels of structural or floristic diversity in those communities, but those species were typically rare or uncommon in the Sky Islands. Fewer species had peak densities in oak and pine-oak woodland, and species associated with those communities were often more abundant across the region. Habitat models often included the effects of broadleaf deciduous vegetation cover (30% of species), which, together with tree density and fire severity, had positive effects on densities and suggest ways for managers to augment and conserve populations. Such patterns combined with greater threats to high-elevation conifer forest and riparian areas underscore their value for conservation. Significant populations of many breeding bird species, including some that are of concern or were not known to occur regionally or in mountain ranges we surveyed, highlight the importance of conservation efforts in this area of Mexico. La Sierra Madre Occidental y las vecinas Islas del Cielo Madrenses abarcan una extensa y biológicamente diversa región del noroeste de México y porciones del sudoeste de Estados Unidos. Poco se sabe sobre la abundancia y el uso de hábitat de las aves que crían en esta región de México, pero dicha información es importante para guiar la conservación y el manejo de la zona. Evaluamos densidades y relaciones de hábitat de aves reproductoras a lo largo de las cadenas montañosas de las Islas del Cielo en México y puntos adyacentes de la Sierra Madre desde el 2009 al 2012. Estimamos densidad a múltiples escalas, analizando la variación en la densidad entre las principales comunidades vegetales montanas, e identificamos y estimamos los efectos de importantes atributos de hábitat en las densidades locales. Estimaciones de densidad regional de 65% de 72 especies focales variaron significativamente entre ocho comunidades de vegetación montana que van desde sabana con robles y bosques a baja elevaciones hasta bosque de pino y bosque de coníferas mixto a altas elevaciones. Mayores proporciones de especies ocurrieron en densidades pico o se encontraron relativamente restringidas a bosque mixto de coníferas y a vegetación montana riparia, seguramente debido a los altos niveles de estructura o de diversidad florística en esas comunidades, pero dichas especies fueron típicamente raras o poco comunes en las Islas del Cielo. Pocas especies tuvieron su densidad pico en bosques de roble y pino-roble, y las especies asociadas con estas comunidades fueron muchas veces muy abundantes a lo largo de la región. Los modelos de hábitat muchas veces incluyeron el efecto de la cobertura vegetal decidua de hoja ancha (30% de las especies), que junto con la densidad de árboles y la severidad de los incendios, tuvo un efecto positivo en las densidades y sugieren formas a los encargados de planes de manejo para aumentar y conservar poblaciones. Dichos patrones combinados con las mayores amenazas en bosques de coníferas de altura y áreas riparias recalcan su valor para la conservación. Poblaciones significativas de varias especies de aves reproductivas, incluyendo algunas que son de interés o no eran conocidas sus ocurrencias regionales o en las cadenas montañosas que hemos sondeado, resaltan la importancia de los esfuerzos de conservación en esta área de México. Fig. S1. Study region and survey locations in Sky Islands and Sierra Madre Occidental. Appendix S1. Figs. S2–S8. Illustrations of vegetation communities and study sites in the Sky Islands and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Table S1. Definitions and units of variables in models of bird−habitat relationships. Table S2. Survey effort, timing, and coverage among vegetation communities and study areas. Table S3. Regional variation in densities of uncommon breeding species. Table S5. Estimates of random effects from models that explained local variation in densities of breeding bird species. Fig. S9. Variation in densities of species of breeding birds associated with oak savannah in the Madrean Sky Islands and Sierra Madre Occidental. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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