A Narratological Approach for Narrative Discourse: Implementation and Evaluation of the System based on Genette and Jauss
2012; Wiley; Volume: 34; Issue: 34 Linguagem: Inglês
ISSN
1551-6709
AutoresTaisuke Akimoto, Takashi Ogata,
Tópico(s)Narrative Theory and Analysis
ResumoA Narratological Approach for Narrative Discourse: Implementation and Evaluation of the System based on Genette and Jauss Taisuke Akimoto (g236i001@s.iwate-pu.ac.jp) Graduate School of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University, 152-52 Sugo Takizawa, Iwate 020-0193 Japan Takashi Ogata (t-ogata@iwate-pu.ac.jp) Faculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University Abstract This paper proposes a computational system of narrative dis- course generation and its implementation. In the system, Ge- nette’s discourse theory is reconstructed as discourse techniques which transform the tree structure for a story into discourse struc- tures. Also, we introduce Jauss’s reception theory to construct the control mechanism, which continues discourse generation through generation cycles based on the interaction between both narrator and narratee mechanisms. Moreover, we attempt two kinds of performance checks and two types of evaluation experi- ments and confirmed that the system generates diverse discourse structures on the rough correspondence with generative parame- ters. And furthermore, this study show that two different types of literary knowledge are organically integrated into a system’s framework. Keywords: Narrative generation system; narrative discourse; sto- ry; narratology; Genette; Jauss. Introduction The research of narrative generation system is a challenging theme in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. It has a close relationship to various topics such as problem solving, planning, schema, story grammar, natural language generation, creativity, etc. Moreover, in recent years, interdisciplinary ap- proaches with narratology and literary theories are also emerg- ing. We have proceeded on a narrative generation system based on this kind of mixed approach since early 1990s. A common framework for the narrative generation system (Ogata, 1994; Ogata & Kanai, 2010; Akimoto & Ogata, 2011) consists of three stages: story, discourse, and surface representations (by language, animated movie, and music). Story is the content or a temporal sequence of events to be narrated, and discourse means how to organize a story or a narrated structure of events. They are generated as the conceptual representation forms or deep structures of narrative. Therefore, discourse phase does not equal natural language generation phase. The discourse in this paper especially means the internal structure of narrative representation. For example, many of the objectives treated by Callaway and Lester (2002) belong in natural language genera- tion phase in the architecture of our narrative generation system. This paper deals with the part of discourse and proposes a computational model of structural narrative discourse pro- cessing and its implementation. As a fundamental standpoint, we use the discourse theory of Genette (1972). In addition, reception theory of Jauss (1970) is introduced into the system to control the generation and transformation of narrative dis- course structure. First, this paper introduces the system archi- tecture. And second, we present results of the system’s evalua- tions, which focuses on the correctness of structure transfor- mation and the control mechanism based on the interaction between narrator and narrate inside the system. Last, the prob- lems and future directions are discussed. In the area of researches on narrative generation system, there is no attempt that utilizes Jauss’s reception theory. More- over, most of previous systems (e.g., TALE-SPIN by Meehan (1980), BRUTUS by Bringsjord and Ferrucci (2000), and so on) focused on the aspect of “story” generation mainly. How- ever, recently, Montfort (2007) applied Genette’s discourse theory to develop an interactive fiction system, and Lonneker- Rodman (2005) introduced the category of “voice” in Genette theory into the conceptual design of natural language genera- tion system. As stated above, the computational application of Jauss provides an original design which can be not comparable in other narrative generation systems. And, the introduction of Genette has the character based on systematic and comprehen- sive design more than the other attempts. Such introduction of the knowledge in literary area contributes to narrative genera- tion system and artificial intelligence regarding the providing of more precise and pragmatic domain specific knowledge and can guide the exploration for the developing computational techniques in creative areas. Especially, we show that two dif- ferent and separate narratologies are organically integrated into one computational mechanism. This is a worthy contribution that the introduction of narratology into computational simulation has. Genette’s Narrative Discourse Theory Gerard Genette (1930-, France) is a representative literary theo- rist and narratologist mainly associated with structuralism. The discourse theory by Genette (1972) comparatively clearly cate- gorizes various types of discourse techniques through the anal- ysis of a novel. The theory consists of following three broad categories: “tense” relevant to the relationship between story’s time and discourse’s time, “mood” relevant to the modality for regulating narrative information, and “voice” relevant to the relationship among narrating, story and discourse. Each catego- ry is further divided into many subcategories. In the proposed system, discourse techniques are mainly relating to both cate- gories for tense and mood. Jauss’s Reception Theory Reception theory is one standpoint in modern literary theories and narratology, which focuses on the reception or reading process of literary works. In this theory, readers contribute strongly to the production process of literary works as a whole. Hans Robert Jauss (1921-1997, German) is a representative theorist of this area by proposing an idea to characterize literary history based on the concept of “horizon of expectation”, which means a kind of previous knowledge for positioning a new work on the context of readers’ experiences of reading. Artistic character of a new work is grasped by the disparity between the
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