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Quadruple filtering mechanism through an effective sketch of reconfigurable frequency selective surface

2016; Institution of Engineering and Technology; Volume: 10; Issue: 15 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1049/iet-map.2015.0619

1751-8733

Maryam Majidzadeh, Changiz Ghobadi, Javad Nourinia,

Antenna Design and Analysis

IET Microwaves, Antennas & PropagationVolume 10, Issue 15 p. 1605-1612 Research ArticleFree Access Quadruple filtering mechanism through an effective sketch of reconfigurable frequency selective surface Maryam Majidzadeh, Corresponding Author Maryam Majidzadeh M.Majidzadeh@urmia.ac.ir Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this authorChangiz Ghobadi, Changiz Ghobadi Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this authorJavad Nourinia, Javad Nourinia Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this author Maryam Majidzadeh, Corresponding Author Maryam Majidzadeh M.Majidzadeh@urmia.ac.ir Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this authorChangiz Ghobadi, Changiz Ghobadi Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this authorJavad Nourinia, Javad Nourinia Electrical Engineering Department, Urmia University, Urmia, IranSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2016 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2015.0619Citations: 5AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract This study puts forward a novel sketch of single layer, polarisation and angular stable reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). To this end, an efficient unit cell is devised and embedded in the proposed sketch. The founded unit cell embraces a simple square loop on its front side. Likewise, a defected loop and two vertical arms are suitably sited on the backside of the substrate. To realise the reconfiguration process, four diodes are implanted in the unit cell in the form of two pairs. By setting the diode pairs 'ON' or 'OFF', four different operating modes are attained. In the first case, steering all the diodes to ON state ends in ultra-wideband rejection. Besides, the next two cases include the combinations of one pair ON and the other OFF, contrarily. Furthermore, the fourth case is denoted by the OFF state of all diodes. In this regard, wise combination of conductive elements and diodes yields in synchrony of the rejected bands with applicable in-use frequency ranges, namely worldwide interoperability for microwave access, wireless local area network, X band, and Ku band in all the three operating modes. Apart from the aforementioned functionalities, high attenuation performance is observed at the rejected bands confirming the complete rejection of incident signals. 1 Introduction Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are defined as arrays of identical elements that allow the pass or rejection of specific frequency bands [1]. In recent years, widespread practical applications are devised for these surfaces among which the antenna radome, radar cross section reduction, electromagnetic shielding, and polarisers could be named. These newly emerged applications have motivated the researchers to strictly follow the novel and applicable designs of FSSs [2-7]. Besides, by the fast diffusion of the communication technologies, novel aspects of FSSs have been emerged in modern buildings to avoid the propagation of private signals to the outside of the buildings. As well, these newly-fashioned FSSs are in line with the specifications of energy saving technologies [8-11]. From the classification viewpoint, FSSs fall into two folds: (i) single-band, and (ii) multi-band structures. As the name implies, in single-band category, only one frequency range is passed or rejected. Such a performance is usually obtained via single-layer structures where the conductive elements are printed on one substrate layer [12-16]. Although successful performances have been achieved via such single-band structures, but the need for wider bandwidths or various pass or stop bands calls the need for more effective remedies. Multi-band structures, as the other category of FSSs, could be a promising solution. These FSSs are handling more than one frequency band to be passed or rejected. Multi-band FSSs are commonly developed by cascading more than one FSS layer. In this way, by tuning the elements' shape and their spacing and also adjusting the array type and dielectric properties, many resonances are excited to yield in wider bandwidth and multi-band functionality [17-22]. Although the investigated literatures play an important role in the development of multiband structures, still, there are some technical hurdles to be improved. In most of the proposed structures, the pass/stop bands do not accommodate the most popular, applicable, and in-service frequency bands, say as wireless local area network(WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), etc. Moreover, even though cascading the FSS layers leads to bandwidth enhancement, however, it increases the sample's weight, simultaneously. Thus, a costly implementation is achieved. This issue is not in favour of technical and economical metrics. Rather than the cascaded structures, there have been a few steps in devising single layer wide-band FSSs [23]. However, the outlined studies are mostly aligned with larger size and inflexible operations. To gather the benefits of both ultra-wideband (UWB) and multiband operations as a whole, reconfiguration technology is thought of, sensibly. To do so, the judicial inclusion of embedded switching diodes is proposed as an efficient approach. By implementing efficient reconfigurable structures, it is feasible to attain versatile structural and operating features, simultaneously. Consequently, a sensible adjoining of conductive elements through the implanted diodes results in achieving more than one functionality in FSSs' basic structures [24-26]. Accordingly, the need for developing several distinct FSSs is alleviated and the anticipated functionalities are realised through a single unit reconfigurable design. Meanwhile, the overall functionalities are not sacrificed, at all. Digging the outlined context, this paper proposes a novel sketch of a reconfigurable single layer FSS structure capable of accomplishing quadruple filtering mechanism. The presented structure is composed of simple conductive elements, namely square loops, on front and backside of the substrate. Likewise, two vertical arms are supplemented on the backside's loop to further enhance the FSS performance. The mentioned conductive elements are printed on FR4 substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4, and loss tangent of 0.02. As well, four diodes in the form of two pairs named as D1, D2 and D3, D4 are suitably embedded in the unit cell's structure to realise the reconfiguration task. By turning the diode pairs to 'ON' or 'OFF' states, four operating modes are achievable for specific filtering purposes. These cases include one UWB mode and three multiband operating mechanisms. In the first case, say as UWB operating mode, the frequency band of 4.6–16 GHz is rejected by turning all the diodes ON. Such a performance via a compact and single layer structure is of remarkable merit in related studies. In case 2, D1 and D2 are in ON state while D3 and D4 are in opposite situation, namely OFF. In this case, three-band operating characteristic with rejected bands of 2–3, 5–12, and 13.5–16 GHz is noted. Specifically speaking, 2.4 GHz WLAN, 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and X band, and part of Ku band are effectively rejected. Similarly, different three-band functionality is achieved in case 3 where D1 and D2 are OFF and D3 and D4 are set to be ON. In this case, 2.5–3.4, 3.9–7.2, and 7.6–17 GHz are rejected. Similarly, the WiMAX, 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, and part of Ku band are included in this case. In case 4, all diodes are defined to be OFF. This structural modification yields in blocking 4–7.3, 8–12.7, and 13.7–16.7 GHz which include 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, X band, and part of Ku band, respectively. Based on the above explanations, it can be evidently noted that in all of the multiband functionalities, the rejected bands are well-tuned to follow the standard applicable frequency bands. This key property is inspired through a wise combination of conductive elements with reconfiguration diodes to yield in synchrony of the operating frequency bands in industry. As the current trend of wireless communication moves toward deploying compact, small, and cost effective devices, the proposed FSS structure stands as a suitable candidate for wideband and multiband communication requirements. This paper continues as follows: Section 2 addresses the unit cell's structural analysis and its operational mechanisms in four cases. Performance stability against the angle of incidence and polarisation variation are developed in separate parts of Section 2. As well, the surface current distribution analysis is conducted, herein. In Section 3, the measured results obtained from the fabricated prototype are compared with the simulated ones. Section 4 establishes a comparison between the proposed FSS with some of the previous designs conducted in terms of structural and technical aspects. Section 5 discloses several research topics to be investigated in the outlined manner. Ultimately, Section 6 concludes the paper. 2 Structural analysis and operational mechanism This section aims at developing a deep analyse on design process of the proposed FSS unit cell. Fig. 1 illustrates the founded unit cell's structure based on which four potent structures with different functionalities are extracted. As mentioned earlier, square loops on the front and backsides of the substrate are the fundamental elements of the presented FSS structure. Being recognised as one of the most simple and applicable elements in FSS design, lots of researches focused on the unique characteristics and design procedure of square loops. Hence, to benefit from the good features of these elements, the basic structures of the proposed FSS unit cell is formed based on the simple square loops on both front and backsides of the FR4 substrate. As well, two vertical arms are also integrated with the backside's square loop to attain additional improvements in FSS performance. It is clearly shown that four diodes are embedded in the FSS body with the aim of reconfiguring its structure. The diodes' ON or OFF states afford different operating cases within which UWB and multiband rejecting operations are noted. The detailed values relating to the unit cell's parameters are accessible in Fig. 2. Contemplating the FSS structures in the category of two-port networks, their performance could be judged by analysing scattering parameters. Hence, to extract the S-parameters, the presented FSS configurations are simulated based on finite element method in Ansoft high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Furthermore, to launch a comparison bases as well as validating the obtained results, finite integration technique-based microwave studio CST software is included as the other industrial platform, modelling the proposed FSS structure. Fig. 3 displays the under-investigation HFSS simulation model that is subjected to incident waves in the middle of the air box. Master–slave boundary conditions are applied on the faces of the air box and floquet ports are utilised at the input and output ports. Fig. 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Quadruple operating cases in the proposed unit cell's structure Fig. 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Schematic representation of the proposed FSS's unit cell Fig. 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Simulation model of the proposed FSS unit cell's structure As mentioned earlier, performance of the proposed FSS is assessed by studying the corresponding S-parameters. Fig. 4 portrays the S21 and shielding effectiveness (SE) curves for different operating cases. SE is defined as an attenuation metric of a particular signal when it propagates into a specific medium. Higher values of SE confirm higher attenuation experienced by the signal. SE is defined as follows [23] (1) Fig. 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Simulation results for the proposed FSS's unit cell a S21 curves from HFSS and CST b SE curves from HFSS and CST The UWB rejecting performance, named as case 1 in Fig. 1, is obtained by setting all the embedded diodes to ON state. As it is illustrated, in this case, two square loops are formed on the front and backsides of the substrate. Moreover, two vertical arms are supplemented on the backside's loop. The simulated results confirm the rejection of 4.6–16 GHz frequency band, which, is considered as an excellent feature obtained by a single layer and compact configuration. In the next operating case, namely case 2, D1 and D2 are set ON, and D3 and D4 are in OFF state. By this way, two square loops are occupied on the front and backsides, respectively. Besides, two defected vertical arms are also included to the backside's loop. It is clearly shown that in this case, a three-band operating mode is obtained. This combination rejects 2–3 GHz including 2.4 GHz WLAN, 5–12 GHz including 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and X band, and 13.5–16 GHz including part of Ku band. It is worth noting that through a prudent placement of the elements and precise tuning of their dimensions, the rejected bands are finely tuned at the applicable and in-use frequency ranges say as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, X band, and Ku band. In the third case, opposite to case 2, D1 and D2 are made OFF while D3 and D4 are set to ON state. Accordingly, a square loop is formed on the front side while a defected square loop along with two vertical arms is produced on the backside. This geometry rejects 2.5–3.4, 3.9–7.2, and 7.6–17 GHz which, respectively, include WiMAX, 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, and part of Ku band. In the final case, named as case 4, all diodes are set to be OFF. In this case, a square loop is printed on the front side while a defected loop and also two defected vertical arms are figured on the backside. This unit cell is devised to reject 4–7.3, 8–12.7, and 13.7–16.7 GHz which include 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, X band, and part of Ku band, respectively. Furthermore, WiMAX, 2.4 GHz WLAN, and the other frequency ranges are laid in the pass bands. In all operating cases, the observations based on SE curves approve a high attenuation of incident signals at the rejected frequency bands. Thus, a complete blockage of the signal at stopped bands is achieved. This remark certifies the outperformance of the proposed FSS in rejecting the expected signals. In contrast to the stopped bands with higher values of SE, the pass bands are in line with lower values. In other words, such signals are freely propagated through the FSS. 2.1 Surface current distribution analysis Surface current distribution analysis is a promising tool in FSS performance investigation. In this section, the proposed FSS performance for all operating cases is justified by tracking the surface current paths on the unit cell. Considering the resonance frequencies at different cases, Fig. 5 effectively illustrates the surface current distributions on corresponding unit cells. In fact, each of the resonances is emanated due to the current flow on a specific conductive element. By the excitation of resonances in different frequencies, S21 and SE curves are varied which yield in four filtering mechanisms. In case 1, two resonances are observed in S21 curve at 5 and 8.3 GHz. It can be seen that at 5 GHz, the surface current is concentrated on the front side's square loop while at 8.3 GHz; the backside's loop is carrying the main radiating current. This observation confirms that this resonance is mainly due to the existence of the front side loop. As well, 8.3 GHz resonance appears due to the contribution of backside's loop and vertical arms. The possibility of controlling the resonance frequencies by adjusting the dimensions and positions of the conductive elements provide a flexible design opportunity with high freedom degree to tune the rejected frequency bands. In this way, it is possible to design FSS structures without the need to multilayer, bulky, and expensive configurations. Similarly, in case 2 the surface current distribution is studied for the resonance frequencies of 2.8, 5, 8.1 and 14.3 GHz. Results are demonstrated in Fig. 6. As can be seen, 2.8, 5, 8.1 and 14.3 GHz are, respectively, excited by the backside's loop, front side's loop, and backside's vertical arms. Regarding the case 3 in Fig. 6, an analogous conclusion reveals that the resonances at 3.2, 6.3, and 11.5 GHz are, respectively, excited by the vertical arms, front side and backside's square loops. Similar to the previous three cases, surface current distribution is analysed for case 4 to justify the validity of the obtained results. Three resonances at 6.8, 10.5, and 14.5 GHz are notable in S21 curve. The simulated surface current distribution depicts that at 6.8 GHz, the front side's loop is in the maximum current carrying mode. The 10.5 GHz resonance is excited by the back side's vertical arms and finally at 14.5 GHz, most of the radiating current is concentrated on the backside's defected loop (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Surface current distribution on the unit cell considering the resonance frequencies in quadruple operating cases Fig. 6Open in figure viewerPowerPoint S21 curves for the proposed unit cell: TE polarised waves and different angles a Case 1 b Case 2 c Case 3 d Case 4 2.2 Angular and polarisation stability analysis Contemplating a promising and successful FSS design calls the need for stable response against the variations in wave polarisations and angles of incidence. This section establishes a sensitivity analysis for the proposed FSS to investigate the response stability in varying working conditions. To cover all the possible incident signals, both TE and TM polarised waves with different angles are studied. In this practice, Figs. 6-9 depict S21 and SE curves for TE and TM polarised waves, respectively. In both polarisations, the angles of incidence are varied from 0° to 60° with a step-change of 15°. For a well-designed FSS, it is expected to observe small variations in its performance. The obtained results for different cases in both TE and TM polarised waves demonstrate a stable performance for the FSS encountering varying condition. The negligible differences in resonances and rejected bands confirm stable and insensitive operation of the proposed FSS in its quadruple operating cases. Fig. 7Open in figure viewerPowerPoint SE curves for the proposed unit cell: TE polarised waves and different angles a Case 1 b Case 2 c Case 3 d Case 4 Fig. 8Open in figure viewerPowerPoint S21 curves for the proposed unit cell: TM polarised waves and different angles a Case 1 b Case 2 c Case 3 d Case 4 Fig. 9Open in figure viewerPowerPoint SE curves for the proposed unit cell: TM polarised waves and different angles a Case 1 b Case 2 c Case 3 d Case 4 3 Results and discussion The structural and technical performance of the proposed FSS has been theoretically discussed in the previous sections. However, to scrutinise the FSS performance in real-world applications, a fabricated prototype is put under experimental studies. The fabricated prototype is printed on 300 × 300 × 1.6 mm3 FR4 substrate. To accommodate the possible encountering conditions, both TE and TM polarised waves are thoroughly investigated. Fig. 10 demonstrates the fabricated structure along with the measurement setup captured in the antenna and microwave laboratory. As can be seen, two wideband horn antennas are deployed as the transmitter and receiver. The FSS is put between these antennas allowing the signal to pass through in the pass band and limiting it in the rejected bands. The measured S21 curves for the aforementioned cases are plotted in Fig. 11 for both TE and TM waves. The close agreement between the simulated and measured results confirms the suitable performance of the FSS. Fig. 10Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Measurement setup in the antenna and microwave laboratory Fig. 11Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Measured S21 curves for the proposed FSS in different operating cases a TE polarised waves b TM polarised wave 4 Comparison To highlight the advantages of the proposed FSS over the previously designed structures, a comparison is carried out in this section. The main factors to be compared include the number of substrate and metallic layers, integration of reconfiguration technology, modes of operation, and single or multi-band performance. For this purpose, Table 1 summarises the characteristics of the examined FSS designs [12-26]. As reported in this table, literature [18, 19, 21] provide multi-band operation via multiple substrates and metallic layers. Furthermore; the operating bands by these designs do not match with the applicable frequency bands. Beyond these three references, the others are deploying one or two substrate and metallic layers. These structural savings have sacrificed the technical merits by offering only one operating mode. As well, although the proposed structures in [22, 24-26] benefit from reconfiguration tactic; however, the same operating flaws are still present. Considering the proposed FSS, one substrate and two metallic layers as the case of FSSs in [12, 14, 16, 22, 23] are deployed. Nonetheless, it remarkably exhibits a quadruple operating feature which is a marvellous merit in providing effective designs. In other words, both UWB and multi-band operating modes are achievable through the proposed FSS while the other investigated designs are only covering one operating mode even via a larger structure. This note stems from reconfiguration process which results in four operating modes including both UWB and multi-band operations. Most importantly, the rejected bands in three multi-band operating cases are exactly matched with the applicable in-use frequency ranges. The obtained frequency bands include WiMAX, 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, X band, and Ku band. Although revealing more fascinating characteristics, the presented FSS also possesses simple conductive elements and a more compact design rather than the previously archived sketches in literature. Table 1. Comparison results for the proposed FSSs in [12-26] Comparison point References Proposed [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] no. of substrate layers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 no. of metallic layers 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 reconfigurable ✓ × × × × × × × × × × ✓ × ✓ ✓ ✓ modes of operation 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 single band operation ✓ ✓ × ✓ ✓ × × × × × × × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ multi band operation ✓ × ✓ × × ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ × × × × 5 Future research extensions This paper intended to study the initial steps of designing a reconfigurable FSS with quadruple filtering characteristics. As mentioned earlier, two square loops along with two vertical arms are consisting the main body of the proposed FSS. To extend the operational modes, four diodes are wisely embedded in the unit cell's body to reconfigure the FSS structure. Setting the diodes to ON and OFF states modifies the structure to yield in four different structures with UWB and multiband operating modes. Apart from the inclusion of famous frequency bands in the rejected standard frequencies, four applicable operating modes through a simple and single layer structure, small size, low profile, easy and cost-effective fabrication are some of the merits of the proposed FSS. However the following points could be named as open research topics to further enhance the FSS performance: Investigating the effect of losses of the active elements on the FSS performance. Use of extra pin-diodes in unit cell's body to further extend its performance. Tuning the pass/stop bands in other required frequency bands. Proposing novel unit cell structures to obtain more operational modes. 6 Conclusion This study intended to explore the context of reconfigured FSS designs as a persuasive solution theme for cost-effectiveness and technical performance enhancement. Hence, a compact and single-layer quadruple filtering FSS sketch, adjoined with reconfigurable diodes, was proposed. It was shown that based on the ON or OFF states of the diode pairs, quadruple operating modes could be achieved. Turning all the diodes on, accommodates UWB frequency ranges of 4.6–16 GHz to be rejected. Such a wide bandwidth is a unique and remarkable merit obtained by a single-layer and compact configuration. The other three cases realised by controlling the diodes ON/OFF status furnished in multi-band filtering mechanisms, substantially at in-use and applicable frequency bands. In this way, it was deduced that a wise placement of the conductive elements along with suitable control of embedded diodes is apt to well-tune the resonance frequencies and rejection bands. In the proposed FSS, a same practice resulted in the complete matching of the rejected bands with WiMAX, 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, X band, and Ku band. 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