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Neuroanatomía del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: correlatos neuropsicológicos y clínicos

2016; Viguera Publishers; Volume: 63; Issue: 02 Linguagem: Espanhol

10.33588/rn.6302.2015223

1576-6578

Jacobo Albert, Alberto Fernández‐Jaén, Daniel Martín Fernández‐Mayoralas, Sara López‐Martín, Ana Laura Fernández‐Perrone, Beatriz Calleja‐Pérez, Mar Jiménez de la Peña, Manuel Recio-Rodríguez,

Psychology Research and Bibliometrics

The development of structural magnetic resonance scanning and new methods of analysis has made it possible to explore, in a hitherto unknown way, the neuroanatomical bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet, little is known about the relation between the clinical symptoms and the neuropsychological dysfunctions characterising ADHD and the neuroanatomical alterations that are observed.To explore the relation between neuroanatomy, clinical features and neuropsychology in ADHD.At group level, there are a number of marked differences between the brain of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and the brain of subjects with a typical development. These differences are observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in all the measurements, both in the grey matter and in the white matter. Although still scarce, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that these differences are related with the core symptoms of the disorder and with the degree of clinical dysfunction. They also appear to be associated with cognitive functioning (mainly attention and inhibitory control).The relation among the different levels of analysis in the study of ADHD bring research closer to the clinical features and allows a better understanding and management of the disorder. Although progress is undoubtedly being made in this field, there are still many questions that need exploring in greater depth. There is a need for a better understanding of the association between the neuroanatomical measurements and each dimension of the symptoms, and their relationship with other neuropsychological processes that are also involved in the disorder.Neuroanatomia del trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad: correlatos neuropsicologicos y clinicos.Introduccion. El desarrollo de la resonancia magnetica estructural y de nuevos metodos de analisis ha permitido examinar, como nunca antes, las bases neuroanatomicas del trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH). No obstante, poco se sabe todavia sobre la relacion de los sintomas clinicos y las disfunciones neuropsicologicas caracteristicas del TDAH con las alteraciones neuroanatomicas observadas. Objetivo. Explorar la relacion entre neuroanatomia, clinica y neuropsicologia en el TDAH. Desarrollo. A nivel de grupo, existen diferencias marcadas entre el cerebro de niños adolescentes y adultos con TDAH y el cerebro de personas con desarrollo tipico. Estas diferencias se observan transversal y longitudinalmente en todas las medidas, tanto de la sustancia gris como de la sustancia blanca. Aunque todavia escasa, cada vez existe mayor evidencia que señala que estas diferencias se relacionan con los sintomas nucleares del trastorno y con el grado de disfuncion clinica. Tambien parecen asociarse con el funcionamiento cognitivo (principalmente, atencion y control inhibitorio). Conclusiones. La relacion entre los distintos niveles de analisis de estudio del TDAH acerca la investigacion a la clinica y permite comprender y tratar mejor el trastorno. Aunque el avance en este campo es innegable, todavia son muchas las cuestiones que hay que explorar y profundizar en mayor detalle. Se requiere comprender mejor la asociacion entre las medidas neuroanatomicas y cada dimension sintomatologica, y la relacion con otros procesos neuropsicologicos tambien implicados en el trastorno.