Exporting Diabetes Mellitus to Asia
2012; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 126; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circulationaha.112.115923
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresAn Pan, Vasanti Malik, Frank B. Hu,
Tópico(s)Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 126, No. 2Exporting Diabetes Mellitus to Asia Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBExporting Diabetes Mellitus to AsiaThe Impact of Western-Style Fast Food An Pan, PhD, Vasanti S. Malik, ScD and Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD An PanAn Pan From the Departments of Nutrition (A.P., V.S.M., F.B.H.) and Epidemiology (V.S.M., F.B.H.), Harvard School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (F.B.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. , Vasanti S. MalikVasanti S. Malik From the Departments of Nutrition (A.P., V.S.M., F.B.H.) and Epidemiology (V.S.M., F.B.H.), Harvard School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (F.B.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. and Frank B. HuFrank B. Hu From the Departments of Nutrition (A.P., V.S.M., F.B.H.) and Epidemiology (V.S.M., F.B.H.), Harvard School of Public Health, and the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (F.B.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Originally published2 Jul 2012https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115923Circulation. 2012;126:163–165Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2012: Previous Version 1 One of the most profound results of globalization has been the rapid rise in the number of Western-style fast food outlets around the world, particularly in Asian countries. The world's largest fast food restaurant company, Yum! Brands Inc., operates nearly 38 000 restaurants (including KFC and Pizza Hut) around the world in more than 110 countries and territories, with >4650 fast food outlets in China.1 Globally, there are >33 000 McDonald's outlets in 119 countries and territories, serving ≈68 million customers daily.2 In China alone, the number of McDonald's outlets grew from 1 in 1990 to 1000 in 2006, and the company has plans to double this figure by 2013.3 Meanwhile, daily per capita sales of carbonated soft drinks in China increased 145% and 127% for Coca Cola and PepsiCo, respectively, between 2000 and 2010.4 In India, the average annual growth rate of all soft drink sales was 12.6% between 1997 and 2007.5Article see p 182In parallel with the increasing consumption of fast food and soft drinks around the world, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have truly become global problems, afflicting countries wealthy and poor. Worldwide, an estimated 1.5 billion adults are overweight or obese.6 The most recent data from the International Diabetes Federation indicate that in 2011, 366 million people had diabetes mellitus, with 80% of those individuals living in low- and middle-income countries; Asia was home to 60% of the worldwide total.7 The number of people with diabetes mellitus is projected to rise to 552 million by 2030, with the greatest increases occurring in China (from 90 million to 130 million) and India (from 61 million to 101 million).7 Currently, cardiovascular disease remains the number 1 cause of death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 17.3 million (or 30%) of global deaths in 2008.8 Of these deaths, 80% occurred in low- and middle-income countries.8 If measures are not taken to abate these trends, the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus in Asian countries could have the potential to overwhelm fragile health care systems and counteract remarkable achievements in economic growth.The concomitant spread of Western-style fast food and the diabetes mellitus epidemic has raised an important public health question: Does the increased consumption of these foods contribute to cardio-metabolic diseases, particularly in Asian populations? In this issue of Circulation, Odegaard et al9 aimed to answer this question by analyzing the association between Western-style fast food intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. The investigators used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, which included >43 000 Chinese adults in Singapore and followed them for 5 years. They found that Chinese Singaporeans who ate Western-style fast foods more than twice a week had a 27% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and a 56% increased risk of dying from CHD, compared with their peers who reported little or no intake. The Western-style fast food items included in this study were hamburgers, cheeseburgers, French fries, pizza, other sandwiches, deep fried chicken, and hot dogs. Various items on this list have repeatedly been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CHD mortality in prospective studies among Western populations. For example, red meat, particularly processed red meat, has been associated with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus10 and CHD death.11 The Nurses' Health Study found that frequent consumption of French fries was associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.12 The black Women's Health Study reported a positive association between frequent burger and fried chicken meals in restaurants and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.13 Results from the Coronary Artery Disease Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study directly showed that habitual fast food consumption was positively associated with weight gain and risk of insulin resistance over 15 years.14The study by Odegaard et al9 has a number of strengths, including the large sample size, high-quality follow-up data, and prospective design. One concern, however, is that habitual fast food consumption could simply be a marker for an overall unhealthy lifestyle (eg, sedentary behavior; taste preference for fried and sweet foods; lower consumption of fiber, fruit, and vegetables; and higher intake of sugary beverages). Among studies in the United States, fast food consumption tends to be higher among people with lower education levels and lower socioeconomic status. In the study by Odegaard et al,9 however, participants who reported more frequent intake of Western-style fast food were more educated, smoked less, and were more likely to be physically active. Thus, the confounding effects associated with Western-style fast food consumption are likely to be different between U.S. and Asian populations. In fact, controlling for diet and lifestyle confounders actually strengthened the association between fast-food consumption and risk of CHD mortality in the present study.9 Another potential concern of this study is the use of self-reported dietary and lifestyle assessments, which inevitably include some degree of measurement error that may attenuate true associations in prospective cohort studies.There are several possible mechanisms behind the increased risk of cardiometabolic outcomes associated with frequent fast food intake. Fast foods are usually high in unhealthy fats, salt, and sugar, which may contribute to central obesity, insulin resistance, and elevated blood pressure. In many countries, including those in Asia, governments have not yet seriously considered regulations that would limit or ban the use of partially hydrogenated oils, making fast food a major contributor to intake of trans fat. Many fast foods are high in calories, which may lead to overeating and excess calorie intake.15 In addition, the portion sizes at many fast-food outlets have increased by 2- to 5-fold over the past several decades.16Many Asian countries are undergoing rapid economic and social change, resulting in radical shifts in dietary patterns and lifestyle habits. For example, in China, traditional dietary patterns, characterized by high intake of vegetables and whole grains and limited consumption of animal products, are shifting toward Western dietary patterns, which feature higher intakes of fast food, processed meats, refined and highly-processed carbohydrates, and sugary beverages.17 The popularity of fast food in Asian countries, such as China, exemplifies the vast influence of sophisticated food marketing, fueled by globalization and the region's increasing wealth. Food corporations have spent millions of dollars to advertise Western-style food, with very little regulation from the government. Food marketing can have a substantial influence on food preferences and consumption habits, particularly among young people.18 Marketing campaigns by food and drink multinationals have also successfully created the image that fast food is linked to health, strength, and fashion, through advertisements that feature popular entertainment and sports stars. To a large degree, fast-food companies use the same aggressive and misleading tactics that have been successfully used by tobacco companies to promote their products throughout the vast and rapidly emerging Asian market.Although globalization has undoubtedly resulted in some beneficial changes to society, its unintended consequences are driving the worldwide obesity epidemic. The study by Odegaard et al9 provides novel insights into the relationship between nutrition transitions and the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases in 1 of Asia's most booming economies. To address the rapidly expanding epidemic of cardio-metabolic diseases, global public health policies are needed across multiple levels to create healthy food environments and promote corporate social responsibility. This is of utmost importance in developing countries, especially in Asia, where wealth and urbanization are growing at exponential rates and the food landscape is changing just as rapidly. In addition to driving the worldwide spread of fast food, globalization has led to an increase in large multinational supermarkets, which are displacing fresh food markets and farms and increasing access to processed and packaged foods and sugary beverages.19,20 Potential strategies to counteract these processes include nutrition and agricultural policies that favor the production and distribution of healthy foods, such as banning trans fat, taxing unhealthy foods and beverages, and instituting agricultural subsidies that increase accessibility and affordability of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.19At the same time, food and beverage companies should be accountable for their actions not only in the United States, but also abroad. Voluntary actions by industry to reduce calories, sodium, and added sugar in manufactured foods can improve diet quality population-wide. But government regulation will be essential to transforming the food environment on a large scale, as will collaborative efforts across multiple sectors and levels of society.21,22 Government policies and regulations can provide financial disincentives that discourage unhealthy eating behaviors, such as taxes on fast foods and sugary beverages, similar to those on tobacco. These mechanisms have the added benefit of generating revenue, which can help offset Asia's increasing obesity-related medical costs or be redirected to national prevention strategies. Governments can institute zoning laws that limit the number of fast-food restaurants in a given area and communications regulations that restrict fast-food marketing to children. Standardized front-of-package nutrition labeling on manufactured foods and calorie labeling on fast-food restaurant menus, in conjunction with public education campaigns, can help consumers make healthier and more informed food choices, something that will become increasingly important as the global food supply shifts even more toward convenience foods. Governments can work with nonprofits and the media to harness positive aspects of globalization, such as the increased flow of information, to create social marketing campaigns that target healthy diet and lifestyle choices. Together, such efforts can shift socio-cultural norms around food, influence eating behaviors, and ultimately, help curb the growing global diabesity epidemic.Sources of FundingThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK58845, HL60712, and U54CA155626.DisclosuresNone.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Vanessa Boulanger and Sari Kalin for their helpful comments.FootnotesThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Correspondence to Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail frank.[email protected]harvard.edu.References1. Yum! Brands Company. http://www.yum.com/brands/. Accessed May 14, 2012.Google Scholar2. McDonald's. http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company.html. Accessed May 14, 2012.Google Scholar3. Fung E. McDonald's to double restaurants in china. Wall Street Journal Online. March29, 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303601504575153702832556686.html. Accessed May 14, 2012.Google Scholar4. Kleiman S, Ng SW, Popkin B. Drinking to our health: can beverage companies cut calories while maintaining profits?Obes Rev. 2012; 13:258–274.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Regmi A. Global food markets: international consumer and retail trends. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/globalfoodmarkets/consumer.htm. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2008.Google Scholar6. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Gutierrez HR, Lu Y, Bahalim AN, Farzadfar F, Riley LM, Ezzati M. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011; 377:557–567.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes. Accessed May 14, 2012.Google Scholar8. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): fact Sheet N°317. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index.html. Accessed May 14, 2012.Google Scholar9. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Gross MD, Pereira MA. Western-style fast food intake and cardiometabolic risk in an eastern country. Circulation.2012; 126:182–188.LinkGoogle Scholar10. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94:1088–1096.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172:555–563.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Potato and French fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83:284–290.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Krishnan S, Coogan PF, Boggs DA, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR. Consumption of restaurant foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91:465–471.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR, Ludwig DS. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005; 365:36–42.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: A possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev. 2003; 4:187–194.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977–1998. JAMA. 2003; 289:450–453.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Hu FB. Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:1249–1257.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Hawkes C. Regulating and litigating in the public interest: regulating food marketing to young people worldwide: trends and policy drivers. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97:1962–1973.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. Popkin BM. Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84:289–298.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. Wagner KH, Brath H. A global view on the development of non communicable diseases. Prev Med. 2012; 54:S38–S41.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. Hawkes C. Food policies for healthy populations and healthy economies. BMJ. 2012; 344:e2801.CrossrefGoogle Scholar22. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention, Food and Nutrition Board. Accelerating progress in obesity prevention: Solving the weight of the nation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.Google Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Washburn S, Cook A and Tayce J (2022) Replacing a Veterinary Physiology Endocrinology Lecture with a Blended Learning Approach Using an Everyday Analogy, Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 10.3138/jvme-2020-0061, 49:1, (61-70), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022. Quan W, Jiao Y, Li Y, Xue C, Liu G, Wang Z, Qin F, He Z, Zeng M and Chen J (2021) Metabolic changes from exposure to harmful Maillard reaction products and high-fat diet on Sprague-Dawley rats, Food Research International, 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110129, 141, (110129), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021. Fahed M, Abou Jaoudeh M, Merhi S, Mosleh J, Ghadieh R, Al Hayek S and El Hayek Fares J (2020) Evaluation of risk factors for insulin resistance: a cross sectional study among employees at a private university in Lebanon, BMC Endocrine Disorders, 10.1186/s12902-020-00558-9, 20:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Liu J, Jiang X, Xu B, Wang G, Cui N, Zhang X, Liu J, Mu Y and Guo L (2020) Efficacy and Safety of Basal Insulin-Based Treatment Versus Twice-Daily Premixed Insulin After Short-Term Intensive Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (BEYOND V), Advances in Therapy, 10.1007/s12325-020-01265-6, 37:4, (1675-1687), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020. Wang J, Masters W, Bai Y, Mozaffarian D, Naumova E and Singh G (2020) The International Diet-Health Index: a novel tool to evaluate diet quality for cardiometabolic health across countries, BMJ Global Health, 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002120, 5:7, (e002120), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2020. Tacon A, Lemos D and Metian M (2020) Fish for Health: Improved Nutritional Quality of Cultured Fish for Human Consumption, Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 10.1080/23308249.2020.1762163, 28:4, (449-458), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020. An R, Shen J, Bullard T, Han Y, Qiu D and Wang S (2019) A scoping review on economic globalization in relation to the obesity epidemic, Obesity Reviews, 10.1111/obr.12969, 21:3, Online publication date: 1-Mar-2020. Li L, Sun N, Zhang L, Xu G, Liu J, Hu J, Zhang Z, Lou J, Deng H, Shen Z and Han L (2020) Fast food consumption among young adolescents aged 12–15 years in 54 low- and middle-income countries, Global Health Action, 10.1080/16549716.2020.1795438, 13:1, (1795438), Online publication date: 31-Dec-2021. An R, Guan C, Liu J, Chen N and Clarke C (2019) Trade openness and the obesity epidemic: a cross-national study of 175 countries during 1975–2016, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.002, 37, (31-36), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019. White J (2019) Food, Dietetics, and Imperialism Critical Dietetics and Critical Nutrition Studies, 10.1007/978-3-030-03113-8_9, (127-141), . Matsuzono K, Mieno M and Fujimoto S (2019) Ramen restaurant prevalence is associated with stroke mortality in Japan: an ecological study, Nutrition Journal, 10.1186/s12937-019-0482-y, 18:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Aung W, Htet A, Bjertness E, Stigum H, Chongsuvivatwong V and Kjøllesdal M (2018) Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies, BMJ Open, 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020406, 8:3, (e020406), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2018. Donazar-Ezcurra M, Lopez-del Burgo C, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Basterra-Gortari F, de Irala J and Bes-Rastrollo M (2018) Soft drink consumption and gestational diabetes risk in the SUN project, Clinical Nutrition, 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.005, 37:2, (638-645), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Li J, Wang L, Chen F, Xia D and Miao L (2018) Switching from glargine+insulin aspart to glargine+insulin aspart 30 before breakfast combined with exercise after dinner and dividing meals for the treatment of type 2 diabetes patients with poor glucose control – a prospective cohort study, BMC Endocrine Disorders, 10.1186/s12902-018-0297-4, 18:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018. Qu W, Nie C, Zhao J, Ou X, Zhang Y, Yang S, Bai X, Wang Y, Wang J and Li J (2018) Microbiome–Metabolomics Analysis of the Impacts of Long-Term Dietary Advanced-Glycation-End-Product Consumption on C57BL/6 Mouse Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01466, 66:33, (8864-8875), Online publication date: 22-Aug-2018. Susanto H, Kharisma V, Listyorini D, Taufiq A, Sunaryono and Aulanni'am (2018) Effectivity of Black Tea Polyphenol in Adipogenesis Related IGF-1 and Its Receptor Pathway Through In Silico Based Study, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 10.1088/1742-6596/1093/1/012037, 1093, (012037), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018. Hu R, Liu R and Hu N (2017) China's Belt and Road Initiative from a global health perspective, The Lancet Global Health, 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30250-4, 5:8, (e752-e753), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2017. Shimazaki T, Bao H, Deli G, Uechi H, Lee Y, Miura K and Takenaka K (2017) Cross-cultural validity of the theory of planned behavior for predicting healthy food choice in secondary school students of Inner Mongolia, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.043, 11, (S497-S501), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017. Naidoo N, van Dam R, Ng S, Tan C, Chen S, Lim J, Chan M, Chew L and Rebello S (2017) Determinants of eating at local and western fast-food venues in an urban Asian population: a mixed methods approach, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10.1186/s12966-017-0515-x, 14:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Zhao Y, Wang L, Xue H, Wang H and Wang Y (2017) Fast food consumption and its associations with obesity and hypertension among children: results from the baseline data of the Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-cities, BMC Public Health, 10.1186/s12889-017-4952-x, 17:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. González M (2017) Regulation of Expression and Activity of l-Arginine Transporters by Nutrients and Hormones: A Focus in Transcriptional Mechanisms Regulated by Glucose and Insulin L-Arginine in Clinical Nutrition, 10.1007/978-3-319-26009-9_6, (71-83), . Gernaat S, Ho P, Rijnberg N, Lee S, Lim S, Yap Y, Grobbee D, Hartman M and Verkooijen H (2017) Risk of death from cardiovascular disease following breast cancer in Southeast Asia: a prospective cohort study, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-017-01540-7, 7:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Subhan F and Chan C (2016) Review of Dietary Practices of the 21st Century: Facts and Fallacies, Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.005, 40:4, (348-354), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2016. Cid M and González M (2016) Potential benefits of physical activity during pregnancy for the reduction of gestational diabetes prevalence and oxidative stress, Early Human Development, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.01.007, 94, (57-62), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016. Farhat A, Jaalouk D, Moukarzel S and Ayoub J (2016)(2016) Consumption of trans fatty acid and omega 6 to omega 3 ratio in Lebanese adults , Nutrition & Food Science, 10.1108/NFS-07-2015-0089, 46:1, (120-129), Online publication date: 8-Feb-2016., Online publication date: 8-Feb-2016. Lafontan M, Visscher T, Farpour-Lambert N and Yumuk V (2015) Opportunities for Intervention Strategies for Weight Management: Global Actions on Fluid Intake Patterns, Obesity Facts, 10.1159/000375103, 8:1, (54-76), . Zaccardi F, Rocca B, Pitocco D, Tanese L, Rizzi A and Ghirlanda G (2014) Platelet mean volume, distribution width, and count in type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis, Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 10.1002/dmrr.2625, 31:4, (402-410), Online publication date: 1-May-2015. Spatz E, Jiang X, Lu J, Masoudi F, Spertus J, Wang Y, Li X, Downing N, Nasir K, Du X, Li J, Krumholz H, Liu X and Jiang L (2015) Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study: a prospective cohort study, BMJ Open, 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008403, 5:12, (e008403), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Mattei J, Malik V, Wedick N, Hu F, Spiegelman D, Willett W and Campos H (2015) Reducing the global burden of type 2 diabetes by improving the quality of staple foods: The Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative, Globalization and Health, 10.1186/s12992-015-0109-9, 11:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Bao W, Tobias D, Olsen S and Zhang C (2014) Pre-pregnancy fried food consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study, Diabetologia, 10.1007/s00125-014-3382-x, 57:12, (2485-2491), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Zelenko Z and Gallagher E (2014) Diabetes and Cancer, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.008, 43:1, (167-185), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014. Malik V, Willett W and Hu F (2012) Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10.1038/nrendo.2012.199, 9:1, (13-27), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Hein T, Loo G, Tai B, Phua Q, Chan M, Poh K, Chia B, Richards M and Lee C (2013) Myocardial Infarction in Singapore: Ethnic Variation in Evidence-Based Therapy and Its Association with Socioeconomic Status, Social Network Size and Perceived Stress Level, Heart, Lung and Circulation, 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.04.119, 22:12, (1011-1017), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2013. Therdtatha P, Song Y, Tanaka M, Mariyatun M, Almunifah M, Manurung N, Indriarsih S, Lu Y, Nagata K, Fukami K, Ikeda T, Lee Y, Rahayu E and Nakayama J (2021) Gut Microbiome of Indonesian Adults Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Asian City, Yogyakarta, Microorganisms, 10.3390/microorganisms9050897, 9:5, (897) Yashiro H, Takagahara S, Tamura Y, Miyahisa I, Matsui J, Suzuki H, Ikeda S, Watanabe M and Aguila M (2016) A Novel Selective Inhibitor of Delta-5 Desaturase Lowers Insulin Resistance and Reduces Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6J Mice, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0166198, 11:11, (e0166198) Rodríguez I and González M (2014) Physiological mechanisms of vascular response induced by shear stress and effect of exercise in systemic and placental circulation, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10.3389/fphar.2014.00209, 5 Fang K, He Y, Fang Y and Lian Y (2020) Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012, Nutrients, 10.3390/nu12020453, 12:2, (453) Dominguez L, Martínez-González M, Basterra-Gortari F, Gea A, Barbagallo M, Bes-Rastrollo M and Kirchmair R (2014) Fast Food Consumption and Gestational Diabetes Incidence in the SUN Project, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0106627, 9:9, (e106627) Wang X, Zhao F, Zhao Q, Wang K, Kong S, Ma P, Huang B and Du C (2022) Specific Types of Physical Exercises, Dietary Preferences, and Obesity Patterns With the Incidence of Hypertension: A 26-years Cohort Study, International Journal of Public Health, 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604441, 66 Pan Q, Li Y, Wan H, Wang J, Xu B, Wang G, Jiang C, Liang L, Feng W, Liu J, Wang T, Zhang X, Cui N, Mu Y and Guo L (2022) Efficacy and safety of a basal insulin + 2‐3 oral antihyperglycaemic drugs regimen versus a twice‐daily premixed insulin + metformin regimen after short‐term intensive insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes: The multicentre, open‐label, randomized controlled BEYOND‐V trial , Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 10.1111/dom.14780 July 10, 2012Vol 126, Issue 2 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2012 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115923PMID: 22753305 Originally publishedJuly 2, 2012 KeywordsnutritionEditorialsrisk factorsAsiadietcardiovascular diseasesdiabetes mellitus, type 2PDF download Advertisement SubjectsDiabetes, Type 2Epidemiology
Referência(s)