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Mechanism of potassium ion intercalation staging in few layered graphene from in situ Raman spectroscopy

2016; Royal Society of Chemistry; Volume: 8; Issue: 36 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1039/c6nr04084e

2040-3372

Keith Share, Adam P. Cohn, Rachel Carter, Cary L. Pint,

Advanced Battery Technologies Research

Recently emerging potassium ion (K-ion) batteries offer a lower-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries while enabling comparably high storage capacity. Here, we leverage the strong Raman spectroscopic response of few-layered graphene to provide the first insight into the electrochemical staging sequence for K+ ions in graphitic carbons. Our analysis reveals the signature of a dilute stage I compound that precedes formation of ordered intercalation compounds transitioning from stage VI (KC72), stage II (KC24), and stage I (KC8) and correlates electrochemical responses to the stage formation. Overall, our study emphasizes a minimum barrier to transfer the general understanding acquired for lithium-ion battery anodes to cheaper, earth abundant K-ion battery systems ideally suited for grid-scale storage.