Air pollution and children: barrier breakdown, inflammation, brain immunity and neurodegeneration
2015; Elsevier BV; Volume: 357; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.333
ISSN1878-5883
AutoresLilian Calderon Garciduenas, Gastón Melo-Sánchez, J. Vargas-Martinez, Edgar Macías-Escobedo, V.L. Hernandez-Orona, Gumaro Cano-Gutiérrez, José Ávila-Ramírez, Ricardo Torres‐Jardón,
Tópico(s)Air Quality and Health Impacts
ResumoAmbient air pollution produces detrimental health effects on millions of people, particularly children and young adults. The neurological effects are an important issue for megacity and small town residents alike and those involved in high risk occupations. New York, Toronto, Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin, SLC, Paris, Santiago de Chile, Delhi, Beijing, and Mexico City residents share their main sources of pollution: transport, industry and heating. Particulate matter fine particles >100 nm and < 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) and ultrafine PM <100 nm (nanosize) are target sizes for brain effects. Early dysregulated neuroinflammation, gene expression changes in oxidative stress, DNA damage and NFκB signaling, and neurodegeneration pathways, brain vascular damage, and breakdown of the neurovascular unit are seen in children and young adults exposed to air pollution. The inducible regulation of gene expression suggests they are evolving different mechanisms in an attempt to cope with the constant state of inflammation and oxidative stress related to their environmental exposures. The accumulation of misfolded hyperphosphorylated tau, alpha-synuclein, and beta-amyloid coincides with the anatomical distribution observed in the early stages of both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. APOE modulates responses to air pollution in the developing brain and APOE4 carriers could have a higher risk of developing AD if they reside in a polluted environment. Public health benefit can be achieved by integrating interventions reducing PM 2.5 and pediatric exposures, establishing pediatric preventative screening programs and young urbanites research could provide new paths toward the unprecedented opportunity for early neuroprotection, AD & PD prevention.
Referência(s)