Distribution and Systematics of Polycladida in the archipelagos of the Macaronesia.
2016; Frontiers Media; Volume: 3; Linguagem: Inglês
10.3389/conf.fmars.2016.05.00155
ISSN2296-7745
Autores Tópico(s)Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
ResumoEvent Abstract Back to Event Distribution and Systematics of Polycladida in the archipelagos of the Macaronesia. Jorge Martínez De Hita1* 1 National Museum of Natural Science (CSIC), Department of biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Spain Introduction Polyclads are an order of flatworms that is widely distributed throughout the world. In recent years, the importance of maritime traffic as a vector for introduction of species into areas outside its distribution range, has been increasing, making difficult in many cases the task of rebuilding its history, know its origin and differentiate endemisms. This phenomenon takes place especially in archipelagos like the Macaronesian ones. The Polycladida order belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes, more specifically to free living class Turbellaria. They are characterized by: a flattened and symmetrical body, small and variable size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The delicate appearance and coloration varied from pallid and translucent to very aposematic in the tropics. Apomorphic characters are: the ruffled pharynx, a highly branched intestine, follicular gonads, with homocellular ovary and endolecitic eggs. Currently they are divided into two major suborders, Cotylea and Acotylea. Cotylea is considered a monophyletic group due to the presence of a ventral sucker of glandular origin, but Acotylea is considered a paraphyletic due to lack of apomorphies. However Acotylea is clearly distinguishable from Cotylea by the presence of nuchal tentacles, reproductive system usually in the rear half part of the body and the absence of ventral sucker. They are carnivorous, feeding on small herbivores, suctioning entirely their prey or digesting a part of it. The Macaronesian region is located in the North-Eastern Atlantic, and formed by five archipelagos, characterized for volcanic and rugged terrain, with a rich and diverse flora, distinguish forests and many endemic species due to their insularity. The area has a slightly variable weather, from Azores (the northernmost) humid subtropical climate to Cape Verde (the southernmost) with a drier tropical climate. Nowadays the population of the Macaronesian is more than 3 million people, more than two thirds of them in the Canary Islands, but all islands are inhabited so maritime traffic between them and African, American and European continents it is continuous. This can be the reason of the cosmopolitan behavior of the polyclads and the problems to find endemisms. Nonetheless we found new records and new species for this order. Methods Samples were photographed in situ and then collected, introduced in Bouin, then they go through different graduations of ethanol from 30% to 100%, a little piece of each specimen is conserved at 100% ethanol for future purposes of molecular research. The rest of the specimen is then transferred to benzylbenzoate to extract all the ethanol from tissues allowing us to imbibe the specimen in to paraplast to do serial sections with the microtome for the study of internal structure. Results Azores is the northernmost archipelago (37º44 'N, 25º40' W) It is located at the height of with the Iberian Peninsula and consists of nine islands: São Miguel, Pico, Terceira, São Jorge, Faial, Flores, Santa Maria, Graciosa and Corvo. First records for polyclads were found; Prostheceraeus moseleyi as new record for the Macaronesia and Imogine sp. as new species. Madeira (32º45 'N, 17ª00' W) consists of five islands, two inhabited islands, Madeira and Porto Santo, three uninhabited smaller islands collectively called the Desertas Islands. Results: First record for Planocera pellucida and first record for the Polycladida order in Madeira. Savage Islands (30ª08 'N, 15º51' W) consists of three main islands and several islets, divided into two groups. The North group where we find the largest island, Selvagem Grande, surrounded by few and small islets, Shino Islet, Palheiro do Mar and Palheiro da Terra and the Southwest group, in which we find Selvagem Pequena, and Fora Islet, or Great and Small Piton respectively. They are surrounded by a group of very small islets, Alto, Comprido and Redondo and a group collectively known as the Northern islets. No records for Polycladida are known nowadays. Canary Islands (28º06 'N, 15º04' W), consisting of seven main islands divided into two provinces. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, consisting of El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife and Las Palmas with Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote. The Chinijo archipelago is part of the Canary Islands too with five islands (La Graciosa, Alegranza, Montaña clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste) in which the only inhabited island is La Graciosa. Finally, near Fuenteventura the small Isla de Lobos. In the Canary Islands they have been compiled the following species; Anonymus virilis (De Vera A 2009), Pseudoceros maximus (De Vera A 2009), Thysanozoon brocchii (De Vera A 2009), Yungia aurantiaca (De Vera A 2009), Prostheceraeus giesbrechtii (De Vera A 2009), Prostheceraeus roseus (De Vera A 2009), Prosthiostomum siphunculus (De Vera 2009) and Planocera sp. (De Vera A 2009). Finally Cape Verde (15º07 'N, 23º37' W), officially the Republic of Cape Verde, is the southernmost archipelago. Composed of ten major islands divided in Barlavento Islands; Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista, and the Sotavento Islands; Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava. Polyclad species compiled in these islands are: Planocera pellucida (Laidlaw FF 1903), Cestoplana rubrocincta (Laidlaw FF 1906), Anonymus virilis (Laidlaw FF 1906), Thysanozoon brocchii (Laidlaw FF 1906), Acero nationalis (Plehn M 1896), Traunfelsia elongata (known Laidlaw FF 1906), Latocestus atlanticus (Plehn M 1896), Latocestus plehni (Laidlaw FF 1906), Leptoplana grafii (Laidlaw FF 1906), Stylochus neapolitanus (Laidlaw FF 1903), Prostheceraeus rubropunctatus (Laidlaw FF 1906), Zygantroplana verilli (Laidlaw FF 1906), Oligocladus sanguinolentus (Laidlaw FF 1906), Prosthiostomum dohrnii (Laidlaw FF 1906), Gnesioceros sargassicola (Laidlaw FF 1903), Leptoplana pallida (Laidlaw FF 1903) and Cycloporus papillosus (Laidlaw FF 1906). Conclusions Of the species recorded at the time for Macaronesia: 52% are found in Cape Verde, 24% in the Canary Islands, 12% would be in both archipelagos, 8% of species would be found exclusively in Azores, 4% in the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Madeira, being nowadays no records for Savage Islands. The distribution of these species may be possible due to the maritime traffic but probably too because of a lot of them present indirect development and they larvae are planktonic, therefore they can travel dragged by ocean currents and reach different archipelagos. Acknowledgements Carolina Noreña of Department of biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Science (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, Leopoldo Moro of Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga nº 35, Pl. 11,38071, S/C de Tenerife, islas Canarias, Spain. and finally Bruno Almon of Grupo de Estudos do Medio Mariño (GEMM), Puerto deportivo s/n, 15960 Ribeira, A Coruña, Spain Keywords: Polyclads, Macaronesia, distribution, Archipelago, Endemisms Conference: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies, Porto, Portugal, 5 Sep - 9 Sep, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: 1. ECOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY AND VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEMS Citation: Martínez De Hita J (2016). Distribution and Systematics of Polycladida in the archipelagos of the Macaronesia.. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.05.00155 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 Apr 2016; Published Online: 03 Sep 2016. * Correspondence: Mr. Jorge Martínez De Hita, National Museum of Natural Science (CSIC), Department of biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Madrid, Spain, jorge.mhita@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. 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