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Fishers' local ecological knowledge about the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis, Steindachner, 1879) in Resex-Mar Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil

2016; Frontiers Media; Volume: 3; Linguagem: Inglês

10.3389/conf.fmars.2016.05.00072

2296-7745

Heitor Oliveira Braga, Pardal A. Miguel, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro, Oliveira Henrique M., Cruz Rayza C.,

Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies

Event Abstract Back to Event Fishers' local ecological knowledge about the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis, Steindachner, 1879) in Resex-Mar Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil Heitor O. Braga1, 2*, Miguel Â. Pardal1, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro1, Henrique M. F. Oliveira3 and Rayza C. M. Cruz4 1 University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, Portugal 2 CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brazil 3 State University of Santa Cruz, Post-graduate Program in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation, Brazil 4 Educational Foundation of Região dos Lagos - FERLAGOS, Brazil The local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishermen can be an important tool and a new source of information that can provide data to improve the management of artisanal fisheries when marine biological data is scarce (Silvano et al., 2006). In this perspective, this study describes the fishing equipment used by some of the artisanal fishermen and evaluated the LEK of artisanal fishermen about the Brazilian sardine in the Resex-MAR of Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was conducted in Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil (23° 00’ S, 42° 00’ W, figure 1 ), with an area of 56.769 ha and three nautical miles from shore (ICMBio, 2015). The town of Arraial do Cabo has about 20,000 residents with a coastline of about 40 km (Silva, 2004), and has a typical overexploitation scenario due to poor enforcement of fishing regulations inside the Marine Extractive Reserve of Arraial do Cabo (Floeter et al., 2006). Data collection took place from March 2016 to May 2016 in three beaches representing the higher fishing activity in Arraial do Cabo: Praia dos Anjos beach, Praia Grande beach and Prainha beach. These fishermen were interviewed in the beaches using the simple random sampling method. Field data was collected based on semi-structured interviews (Huntington, 2000). The script prepared for the interviews was organized into the following parts: fishermens´ Profile and the LEK of fishermen about the brazilian sardine (species identification, habitat, migration patterns, feeding areas, breeding and spawning, spatial and temporal distribution). In the species identification by fishermen was used a projective test. This test consisted of two images of the same species that were presented in the same order for each fisherman in every interview (Silvano et al., 2006). In order to quantify the LEK of fishermen in relation to the Brazilian sardine some questions were used. Data were converted using a three-point Likert scale (Likert, 1932) for knowledge (correct answers = 1, partial answers = 0.5, wrong answers = 0). It was used an additive index based on Braga and Schiavetti (2013). The index of knowledge was classified into three classes: (0-0.33: low; 0.34-0.66: medium; 0.67-1: high). Regarding the knowledge generated content, it can be argued that an individual had a score below average, in the average or higher than the average when compared with average the scientific literature. The Cronbach´s alpha coefficient was calculated to measure the reliability and accuracy of the measuring instrument (Cronbach and Shavelson, 2004). This coefficient estimates the reliability of the questionnaire in a survey on a scale of 0-1. From 0.7 the research instrument is acceptable. (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). The statistical treatments were calculated using the program R version 3.2.5. Data were obtained based on 32 fishermen interviews conducted in the three beaches of Arraial do Cabo. Interviews were distributed geographically as follows: Praia dos Anjos Beach (n=18), Praia Grande Beach Beach (n=8) and Prainha Beach (n=6). The profile of the fishermen had average age of 49.5 years (σ= 14.3), the average fishing activity was 26.9 years (σ = 12.4); years, and they were all male. In relation to education, 90% of fishermen had low level of education (less than 4 years). Most of the fishermen are active (n=27). Four types of boats were cited by fishermen. Of these, 2 fishermen use the boat called "caíco" that accommodates 3 people, 6 use the "canoa" that accommodates 6-8 people, 8 use the "boca aberta" that accommodates 3-4 people and 14 use "traineiras" or trawlers that accommodates 8-12 people. One fisherman does not use boat for fishing and another fisherman uses two types of boats (trawlers and boca aberta). The fishing time at sea varied with the type of boat used (trawlers = 4h-10 days; boca aberta = 12-24h; canoa: 4-12h; caíco: 5-7h). Fishermens´ local ecological Knowledge Concerning the interviews, the fishermen answers were treated and rated according to the scientific literature. The index of LEK about Brazilian sardine based on the Likert scale ranged from 0.43 to 0.71 with an average of 0.57 (σ= 0.08). None of the fishermen obtained the maximum or minimum score. 84.4% of the fishermen had a score in the range of (0.34-0.66) and 16.6% had a score within the range (0.67-1). There was the fishermen scored less than 0.43 in the range (0.34-0.66). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for knowledge was approximately α= 0.7 for the 95% confidence interval, in thousand randomizations. The value of the calculated Cronbach's alpha for index of Fishers´ LEK was acceptable (George and Mallery, 2010). The index of knowledge was not associated with the age of the fishermen (r = -0.12, DF: 30, p = 0.50), time of experience in fishing (r = -0.03, SD = 30, p = 0.85) or time at the sea fishing (r = 0.15, S = 4632.26, p = 0.41). The fishers´ LEK about Brazilian sardines was rated as average according to the scientific literature (Cergole and Valentini, 1994; Matsuura, 1998; Schneider and Schwingel, 1999; Paiva and Falcão, 2002; Gasalla and Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2004; Figueiredo et al., 2010; Cergole and Dias-Neto, 2011; FAO, 2016). There was no correlation between knowledge of fishermen and other variables in the sample (age of fishermen, time of experience in fishing, fishing time at the sea). This may show that the age of the fishermen, time of fishing experience and fishing time at the sea may not necessarily increase your knowledge about the ecology and biology of sardines. Other factors maybe be involved in the LEK procedures. The knowledge they accumulate is no formal knowledge of the biology and ecology of sardines. Probably fishermen accumulate knowledge only in relation to the fishing gear used in order to increase the fishing effort. Figure 1 Acknowledgements We thank CAPES Foundation - Ministry of Education of Brazil for the financial support (BEX: 8926/13-1). We are also grateful to Bruno Zucherato and Tayara Carlos by collaboration. References Braga HO, Schiavetti A. 2013. Attitudes and local ecological knowledge of experts fishermen in relation to conservation and bycatch of sea turtles (reptilia: testudines), Southern Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9: 15. Cergole MC, Dias-Neto J. 2011. Plano de gestão para o uso sustentável da sardinha-verdadeira Sardinella brasiliensis no Brasil. Brasilia: IBAMA. Cergole MC, Valentini H. 1994. Growth and mortality estimates of Sardinella brasiliensis in the southeastern Brazilian bight. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 42: 113–127. Cronbach LJ, Shavelson RJ. 2004. My Current Thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and Successor Procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement 64: 391–418. FAO. 2016. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries & Aquaculture - Species Fact Sheets - Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879). Figueiredo JL de, Salles ACR, Rabelo LB. 2010. Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879)(Teleostei: Clupeidae), nome válido aplicado à sardinha-verdadeira no sudeste do Brasil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 50: 281–283. Floeter SR, Halpern BS, Ferreira CEL. 2006. Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biological Conservation 128: 391–402. Gasalla MA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. 2004. Contribution of ecosystem analysis to investigating the effects of changes in fishing strategies in the South Brazil Bight coastal ecosystem. Ecological Modelling 172: 283–306. George D, Mallery P. 2010. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 18.0 Update. Prentice Hall Press: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. Huntington HP. 2000. Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecological Applications 10: 1270–1274. ICMBio. 2015. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Decreto de 3 de janeiro de 1997. Dispõe sobre a criação da Reserva Extrativista Marinha do Arraial do Cabo, no Município de Arraial do Cabo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e dá outras providências. RESEX ARRAIAL DO CABO. Likert R. 1932. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology 22 140: 55. Matsuura Y. 1998. Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) spawning in the southeast Brazilian Bight over the period 1976-1993. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 46: 33–43. Nunnally J, Bernstein IH. 1994. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York. Paiva MP, Falcão AP da C. 2002. Schooling structure of Brazilian-sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner), in the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19: 85–92. Schneider F, Schwingel PR. 1999. Estudo preliminar da ecologia trófica da Sardinella brasiliensis na costa sudeste do Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 3: 67–72. Silvano RA, MacCord PF, Lima RV, Begossi A. 2006. When does this fish spawn? Fishermen’s local knowledge of migration and reproduction of Brazilian coastal fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76: 371–386. Keywords: Fishers´ LEK, Fishermen, Arraial do cabo, Brazilian sardine, Ethnobiology Conference: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies, Porto, Portugal, 5 Sep - 9 Sep, 2016. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: 4. FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Citation: Braga HO, Pardal MÂ, Azeiteiro UM, Oliveira HF and Cruz RM (2016). Fishers' local ecological knowledge about the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis, Steindachner, 1879) in Resex-Mar Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.05.00072 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 29 Apr 2016; Published Online: 02 Sep 2016. * Correspondence: Mr. Heitor O Braga, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal, heitorob@ua.pt Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Heitor O Braga Miguel  Pardal Ulisses M Azeiteiro Henrique M. F Oliveira Rayza C. M Cruz Google Heitor O Braga Miguel  Pardal Ulisses M Azeiteiro Henrique M. F Oliveira Rayza C. M Cruz Google Scholar Heitor O Braga Miguel  Pardal Ulisses M Azeiteiro Henrique M. F Oliveira Rayza C. M Cruz PubMed Heitor O Braga Miguel  Pardal Ulisses M Azeiteiro Henrique M. F Oliveira Rayza C. M Cruz Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.