Preparatory work for the scientific opinion on welfare assessment of dairy cows in small scale farming systems
2015; European Food Safety Authority; Volume: 12; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-852
ISSN2397-8325
AutoresChristine Leeb, L. Mirabito, Elisabetta Canali, Isabel Blanco‐Penedo, Jacopo Ghione, L. Tremetsberger, S. Barbieri, Francesca Dai, Daniela Kottik, Carlo Tremolada, Aranzazu Varvaró-Porter, Aida Xercavins-Simó, Yoann Proudom, E. Rehben, Emma Fàbrega, Isabel Macchiorlatti Vignat, Anna Zuliani, D. Battaglia, Carlos Fernández, Raffaella Ponzio, Edoardo Della Torre, Luc Mounier,
Tópico(s)Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
ResumoEFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 12, Issue 7 852E External scientific reportOpen Access Preparatory work for the scientific opinion on welfare assessment of dairy cows in small scale farming systems C. Leeb, C. Leeb University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorL. Mirabito, L. Mirabito Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE Canali, E Canali Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorI. Blanco-Penedo, I. Blanco-Penedo Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Ghione, J. Ghione Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorL. Tremetsberger, L. Tremetsberger University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Barbieri, S. Barbieri Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorF. Dai, F. Dai Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorD. Kottik, D. Kottik University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Tremolada, C. Tremolada Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Varvaró-Porter, A. Varvaró-Porter Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorA. Xercavins-Simó, A. Xercavins-Simó Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorY. Proudom, Y. Proudom Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE. Rehben, E. Rehben Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE. Fàbrega, E. Fàbrega Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorI. Macchiorlatti Vignat, I. Macchiorlatti Vignat C.R.P.A. S.p.A., iale Timavo 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Zuliani, A. Zuliani Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via S. Mauro 2, 33010 Pagnacco (UD), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorD. Battaglia, D. Battaglia Livestock Production Systems Branch, Animal Production and Health Division, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome – ItalySearch for more papers by this authorC. Fernández, C. Fernández Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorR. Ponzio, R. Ponzio Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorE. Della Torre, E. Della Torre Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorL. Mounier, L. Mounier Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, FranceSearch for more papers by this author C. Leeb, C. Leeb University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorL. Mirabito, L. Mirabito Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE Canali, E Canali Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorI. Blanco-Penedo, I. Blanco-Penedo Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Ghione, J. Ghione Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorL. Tremetsberger, L. Tremetsberger University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Barbieri, S. Barbieri Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorF. Dai, F. Dai Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorD. Kottik, D. Kottik University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dep.of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A 1180 Vienna, AustriaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Tremolada, C. Tremolada Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Varvaró-Porter, A. Varvaró-Porter Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorA. Xercavins-Simó, A. Xercavins-Simó Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorY. Proudom, Y. Proudom Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE. Rehben, E. Rehben Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorE. Fàbrega, E. Fàbrega Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorI. Macchiorlatti Vignat, I. Macchiorlatti Vignat C.R.P.A. S.p.A., iale Timavo 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorA. Zuliani, A. Zuliani Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via S. Mauro 2, 33010 Pagnacco (UD), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorD. Battaglia, D. Battaglia Livestock Production Systems Branch, Animal Production and Health Division, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome – ItalySearch for more papers by this authorC. Fernández, C. Fernández Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies s/n E-17121, Monells (Girona), SpainSearch for more papers by this authorR. Ponzio, R. Ponzio Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorE. Della Torre, E. Della Torre Slow Food International, Piazza XX Settembre 5, 12042 Bra (CN), ItalySearch for more papers by this authorL. Mounier, L. Mounier Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 31 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-852Citations: 1 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. Published date: 31 July 2015 Question number: EFSA-Q-2014-00619 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Acatincai S, Gavojdian D, Pacala N and Cziszter LT, 2009. Relationship between the number of meals per day and rumination process in dairy cows. Lucr. Stiintifice. Univ. de Stinte Agricole si Medicina Vet. Lasi., 53, 742– 745. Albright JL, 1996. Management of the High Yielding Dairy Cow. APHIS, (Ed.), 2012. Info Sheet – Biosecurity in Small-scale U.S. Livestock Operations. AVMA, (Ed.), 2014. Welfare Implications of Tail Docking of Cattle – Literature Review. Bartussek H, 1999. A review of the animal needs index (ANI) for the assessment of animals' well-being in the housing systems for Austrian proprietary products and legislation. Livestock Production Science, 61, 179– 192. Bensaha H and Arbouche F, 2014: Factors influencing the milk sector in a saharan zone: the case of marketing in the valley of M'zab (Algeria). Lucrări Ştiin$tLifice – Seria Zootehnie, 61, 11– 19. Blanco-Penedo I, Fall N and Emanuelson U, 2012. Effects of turning to 100% organic feed on metabolic status of Swedish organic dairy cows. Livestock Science, 143, 242– 248. Blażejczyk-Majka L, Kala R and Maciejewski K, 2012. Productivity and efficiency of large and small field crop farms and mixed farms of the old and new EU regions. Agricultural Economics–Czech, 58, 61– 71. Blokhuis HJ, Jones RB, Veissier I and Geers R, 2006. COST Action 846: Measuring and Monitoring farm animal welfare. K.U. Leven. Boivin, X.; Lensink, J.; Veissier, I., 2000: The farmer and the animal: a double mirror. In: M. Hovi, M. Bouilhol & NAHWOA Workshop (eds.), Human – animal relationship: stockmanship and housing in organic livestock systems: proceedings of the third NAHWOA workshop, Clermont-Ferrand, 21-24 October 2000. Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture, Reading. Botheras, N. A., 2007: The feeding behavior of dairy cows: considerations to improve cow welfare and productivity. Proceedings Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference. M. Eastridge (Ed.). Presented at the XV Jornadas sobre Producción Animal, Asociación interprofesional para el desarrollo agrário (AIDA), pp. 29– 42. Catrileo, A.; Toro, P.; Aguilar, C.; Vera, R., 2009: Use of supplements and variation in the stocking rate in cow-calf systems on temperate pastures in Chile: a simulation approach. Animal Production Science., 59, 1059– 1067. CEAS; European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism (Eds.), 2000: The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production in the EU: Practical Options for the Improvement of the Environmental Impact: Final Report. Cerqueira, J.; Araujo, J.; Blanco-Penedo, I.; Cantalapiedra, J.; Silvestre, M.; Silva, S., 2013a: Study of physiological indicators as predictors of heat stress in dairy cows in northern portugal, 40– 42. Cerqueira, J. O. L.; Araújo, J. P. P.; Vaz, P. S.; Cantalapiedra, J.; Blanco-Penedo, I.; Niza-Ribeiro, J. J. R.; Cerqueira, J.; Ara$Uajo, J.; Vaz, P.; Cantalapiedra, J.; others, 2013b: Relationship between Zoometric Measurements in Holstein-Friesian Cow and Cubicle Size in Dairy Farms. International Journal of Morphology., 31, 55– 63. Cicchetti, D.; Feinstein, A., 1990: High agreement but low kappa: II. resolving the paradoxes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology., 43, 551– 558. DeVries, T., 2013: Impact of feeding management on cow behaviour, health, and productivity. WCDS Advances in Dairy Technology., 25, 193– 201. Dimitri, C.; Venezia, K. M., 2007: Retail and consumer aspects of the organic milk market. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Dohna, H. zu; Peck, D. E.; Johnson, B. K.; Reeves, A.; Schumaker, B. A., 2014: Wildlife–livestock interactions in a western rangeland setting: Quantifying disease-relevant contacts. Preventive Veterinary Medicine., 113, 447– 456. EFSA; Algers, B.; Bertoni, G.; Broom, D.; Hartung, J.; Lidfors, L.; Metz, J.; Munksgaard, L.; Pina, T. N.; Oltenacu, P.; Rehage, J.; others, 2009: Scientific report on the effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease1: Report of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (Question No EFSA-Q-2006-113). EFSA, 2012: Scientific Opinion on the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of dairy cows (10(1):2554) (EFSA Journal No. 10(1): 2554). EFSA; Sanaa, M.; Broom, D.; Keeling, L.; Szücs, E.; Oltenacu, P. A.; Webster, J.; More, S.; Morton, D.; Algers, B.; Salman, M.; others, 2012: Guidance on risk assessment for animal welfare. EIP-AGRI (Ed.), 2014: Permanent Grassland Minutes. Permanent Grassland Minutes 1st meeting. Frankfurt. European Commission, 2012: Communication from the commission to the european parliament, the council and the european economic and social commitee on the european Union strategy for the protection and welfare of animals 2012–2015. FAO; Ingrassia, A.; Martyniuk, A. I. D. M. E.; Manzella, D.; Martyniuk, E., 2005: The legal framework for the management of animal genetic resources. Food & Agriculture Org., Vol. 89. FAO, 2007: The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. ( B. Rischkowsky & D. Pilling, Eds.). Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO (Ed.), 2012: Successful experiences of family dairy farmers associative intregración: three case studies in Nicaragua, Ecuador and Paraguay. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe, División de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Santiago de Chile. Ferris, C., 2014, June 11: AFBI compares concentrate inputs for spring calving milk production systems. Released archives 2014, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute. Flower, F. C.; Weary, D. M., 2001: Effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf:: 2. Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth. Applied Animal Behaviour Science., 70, 275– 284. Fogsgaard, K. K.; Bennedsgaard, T. W.; Herskin, M. S., 2014: Activity level and lying behaviour of dairy cows during a 10d period after naturally occurring clinical mastitis. First DairyCare Conference 2014. Gandini, G.; Avon, L.; Bohte-Wilhelmus, D.; Bay, E.; Colinet, F. G.; Choroszy, Z.; Díaz, C.; Duclos, D.; Fernández, J.; Gengler, N.; Hoving-Bolink, R.; Kearney, F.; Lilja, T.; Mäki-Tanila, A.; Martín-Collado, D.; Maurice-van Eijndhoven, M.; Musella, M.; Pizzi, F.; Soini, K. et al., 2010: Motives and values in farming local cattle breeds in Europe: a survey on 15 breeds. Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales., 47, 45– 58. Greger, S., 2010: Tie stall housing systems of dairy farms. Gwet, K., 2010: Handbook of inter-rater reliability. The definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters. Advanced analitycs. Gaithersburg, MD. Heath CAE, Lin Y, Mullan S, Browne WJ and Main DCJ, 2014. Implementing Welfare Quality® in UK assurance schemes: evaluating the challenges. Animal Welfare, 23, 95– 107. Hemsworth, P. H.; Barnett, J. L.; Beveridge, L.; Matthews, L. R., 1995: The welfare of extensively managed dairy cattle: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science., 42, 161– 182. Herbut, P.; Angrecka, S., 2012: Forming of temperature-humidity index (THI) and milk production of cows in the free-stall barn during the period of summer heat. Animal Science Papers and Reports, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrz$eobiec, Poland., 30, 363– 372. Hetti Arachchige, A. D.; Fisher, A. D.; Wales, W. J.; Auldist, M. J.; Hannah, M. C.; Jongman, E. C., 2014: Space allowance and barriers influence cow competition for mixed rations fed on a feed-pad between bouts of grazing. Journal of Dairy Science., 97, 3578– 3588. Hewlett, J.; Juaristi, J.; Bach, A.; Rodríguez, P., 2004: Cow Comfort. Cuadernos de campo IVOMEC. Merial Animal Healsth Ltd. S. J. Hiemstra, (Ed.), 2010: Local cattle breeds in Europe: development of policies and strategies for self-sustaining breeds. Academic Publ, Wageningen. Higgins, S.; Agouridis, C.; Wightman, S., 2011: Shade Options for Grazing Cattle. Horn, M.; Ferris, C.; Sairanen, A.; Vestergaard, M.; Steinwidder, A.; Zollitsc, W., 2014: Adapted breeds for organic and low input dairy systems. SOLID Project -Task 2.2- (unpublished). M. Hovi; M. Vaarst, (Eds.), 2002: Positive health: preventive measures and alternative strategies: proceedings of the 5. NAHWOA Workshop, Roedding, Denmark, November 2001. University of Reading, Reading. Hultgren, J., 2003: Cattle welfare aspects of animal hygiene. XIth ISAH Congress in Animal Hygiene., pp. 67– 80. Huxley, J., 2010: Cattle Behavior and Implications to Performance and Health. University of Nottingham. Institut de l'Elevage (Ed.), 2012: Chiffres clés 2012. Production bovine lait & viande. Karlsson, J.; Johansson, Ö., 2010: Predictability of repeated carnivore attacks on livestock favours reactive use of mitigation measures. Journal of Applied Ecology., 47, 166– 171. Kivling, S., 2012: Effect of grazing and housing system on dairy cows' hygiene, claw and leg health (Master's Thesis). SLU, Självständigt arbete vid LTJ-fakulteten, Alnarpin thesisRetrieved from http://stud.epsilon.slu.se. Krohn, C., 2001: Effects of different suckling systems on milk production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural aspects in high producing dairy cows – a review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science., 72, 271– 280. Lachance, 2009: Management of pest flies on organic farms. Centre d'agriculture biologique du Canada (CABC), produced in consultation with the ECOA Animal Welfare Task Force., Animal welfare on organic farms fact sheet series. Leach, K., 2012: Assessing the sustainability of EU organic and low input dairy farms. Organic Research Centre Bulletin., 111, 9– 10. Lindner, R.; Hofer, O.; Fehrer, R.; Brier, K.; Langer, M., 2012: Grüner Bericht 2012: Bericht über die Situation der österreichischen Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Wien, Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft. López-Alonso, M.; Miranda, M.; Blanco-Penedo, I., 2012: Potentials and limitations of husbandry practice in sustainable systems to secure animals' mineral nutrition. Animal Husbandry. Nova Science Publishers., 289– 308. Mainau, E.; Temple, D.; Manteca, X., 2012: Impact of dehorning and disbudding on the well-being of calves. Farm animal welfare education center (FAWEC)., The farm animal welfare fact sheet. Manteca, X.; Villalba, J.; Atwood, S.; Dziba, L.; Provenza, F., 2008: Is dietary choice important to animal welfare? Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research., 3, 229– 239. Mata, H., 2011: Characterization and viability of organic production in north-western Spain (PhD Thesis). Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, España. Metera, E.; Sakowski, T.; Słoniewski, K.; Romanowicz, B., 2010: Grazing as a tool to maintain biodiversity of grassland – a review. Animal Science Papers and Reports., 28, 315– 334. Moakes, S.; Bijttebier, J.; Lauwers, L., 2012: Deliverable 6.1 Economic analysis of EU dairy systems. Moses, (Ed.), 2010: Pasture and Living Conditions for Organic Ruminant Animals. Müller-Lindenlauf, M.; Deittert, C.; Köpke, U., 2008: Environmental impacts and economic differences in grassland based organic dairy farms in Germany–modelling the extremes. Nauta, W. J., 2009: Selective breeding in organic dairy production. [publisher not identified], [Wageningen]. Padel, S.; Vine, J.; Huber, B.; Stolze, M.; Jespersen, L. M.; Rüegg, E.; Meinshausen, F.; Puliga, A.; Compagnioni, A.; Belliere, S. R., 2010: The European regulatory framework and its implementation in influencing organic inspection and certification systems in the EU. Perea, J.; García, A.; Castaldo, A.; Gómez, G.; Acero, R., 2010: Technical and social aspects of dairy cattle organic farms in northwest Spain. Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ., XX, 633– 639. Plusquellec, P.; Bouissou, M., 2001: Behavioural characteristics of two dairy breeds of cows selected (Hérens) or not (Brune des Alpes) for fighting and dominance ability. Applied Animal Behaviour Science., 72, 1– 21. Poetsch, E., 2008: LIFS & livestock production – grassland and dairy farming in Austria. Low Input Farming Systems: an Opportunity to Develop Sustainable Agriculture, Proceedings of the JRC Summer University Ranco, 2-5 July 2007., pp. 33– 38. Pointereau, P.; Bochu, J.; Doublet, S., 2012: Characterization and elements for a definition and an analysis of low input farming system in EU-27. Reijs, J.; Daatselaar, C.; Helming, J.; Jager, J.; Beldman, A., 2013: Grazing dairy cows in North-West Europe: Economic farm performance and future developments with emphasis on the Dutch situation LEI Wageningen UR. The Hague. Rutter, S. M., 2010: Review: Grazing preferences in sheep and cattle: Implications for production, the environment and animal welfare. Canadian journal of animal science., 90, 285– 293. Silanikove, N., 2000: Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock production science., 67, 1– 18. Skarzynska, A., 2013: The opportunities of generating income at the parity level by farms specialising in milk production in Poland. Journal of Central European Agriculture., 14. Smit, H. J.; Metzger, M. J.; Ewert, F., 2008: Spatial distribution of grassland productivity and land use in Europe. Agricultural Systems., 98, 208– 219. Soussana, J., 2014: Climate Change and Livestock: Impacts and Adaptation. Conference abstract book: Livestock, climate change and food security conference., Plenary session 2: Understanding the technical potential for mitigation and adaptation. Livestock, Climate change and Food Security, Madrid, pp. 53– 54. Stull, C. L.; Payne, M. A.; Berry, S. L.; Hullinger, P. J., 2002: Reference Point. Sundrum, A.; Andersson, R.; Postler, G., 1994: Tiergerechtheitsindex – 200 1994. Ein Leitfaden zur Beurteilung von Haltungssystemen für Rinder, Kälber, Legehenen und Schweine. Verlag Köllen, Bonn, Germany. S. Tolhurst, (Ed.), 2001: A guide to animal welfare in nature conservation grazing. Grazing Animal Project (GAP) Grazing Animal Project (GAP). Tosi, M.; Canali, E.; Gregoretti, L.; Ferrante, V.; Rusconi, C.; Verga, M.; Carenzi, C., 2001: A descriptive analysis of welfare indicators measured on Italian dairy farms: preliminary results. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica., 30, 69– 72. UMass CDLE (Ed.), 2014: Dairy Cow Welfare Issues. Undersander, D.; Albert, B.; Cosgrove, D.; Johnson, D.; Peterson, P., 1997: Pastures for Profit: A Guide to Rotational Grazing (A3529). Van der Lee, J.; Zijlstra, J.; Wouters, B.; van Vugt, S., 2014: Milking to potential. Veissier, I.; Evans, A., 2007: Rational behind the Welfare Quality(r) assessment of animal welfare. Assuring animal welfare from societal concerns to implementation., Welfare Quality(R). Presented at the Proceedings of the second welfare quality(R) stakeholder conférence, Isabelle Veissier, Bjorn Forkman and Bryan Jones, Berlin, Germany, pp. 19– 22. Vellinga, T., 2012: Mitigation strategies for livestock in a global perspective. The Bertebos Conference. Livestock Research, Wageningen, Falkenberg, Sweden. Welfare Quality®, 2009: Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for cattle (fattening cattle, dairy cows, veal calves). Welfare Quality® Consortium, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Citing Literature Volume12, Issue7July 2015852E ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)