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A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF WING DEVELOPMENT IN APHIDS

1918; Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL); Volume: 35; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2307/1536366

1939-8697

G. O. Shinji,

Insect-Plant Interactions and Control

Results of the observations and experiments reported above may briefly be summarized as follows:1. Either an apterous or an alate parthenogenetic female may bear young larvæ, some of which may finally attain the winged condition, while the others may remain wingless throughout life.2. When newly born aphids were reared on rose twigs planted in tumblers, containing washed and sterilized sand which had previously been saturated with the solution of a certain substance, nearly one hundred per cent. of winged individuals appeared on the twigs, while either none or few winged forms developed on the twigs charged with any one of another set of chemicals. For the sake of making a distinction between these two groups of substances, we may call the former the "wing-developing" substances, and the latter, the "non-wing-developing" substances.3. As far as the tests go, the salts of the alkalis (Na, Cl, K, etc.) and alkaline earths (Ca, Br) with the exception of magnesium, distilled water, urea, alum and others were shown to belong to the non-wing-developing substances, while the salts of the heavy metals, and of magnesium, sugar, and perhaps some others belong to the category of wing-developing substances.4. The wing-developing substances were only effective when applied within a certain period after birth. This period varied with temperature and also with the species, e. g., the maximum time for the rose aphis, Macrosiphum rosœ L., during the early summer was found to be from 2 to 3 days, while under the same conditions from 5 to 7 days was the maximum in the case of the sonchus aphids, Macrosiphum solanifoliœ Ashm., the mustard aphis, Aphis brassicœ L., etc.5. The amount of magnesium salts and also of other wing-developing substances needed to produce winged aphids was very small. Subjection to a m/100 solution of magnesium sulphate for 12-24 hours produced nearly one hundred per cent. of winged aphids, so far as Macrosiphum rosœ was concerned.6. When twigs planted in the sand saturated with distilled water and calcium chloride were subjected to a drying process, the young aphids born on these twigs remained apterous, whereas on those that had been charged with solutions of magnesium salts or some other wing-developing substances, the greatest number of the winged aphids appeared.7. When newly born aphids are subjected to a mixed solution of wing-developing and non-wing-developing substances, winged aphids may or may not appear, according to whether or not the solution contains an excess of the wing-developing over the non-wing-developing substances.8. Variation in temperature, or a sudden change from as high as 100° F. to as low as 350° F., failed to produce winged aphids on the twigs charged with non-wing-developing substances.