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First Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne mali ) in North America, Found Parasitizing Euonymus in New York

2016; American Phytopathological Society; Volume: 101; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1094/pdis-06-16-0894-pdn

1943-7692

J. D. Eisenback, L. S. Graney, Paulo Vieira,

Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 3First Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne mali) in North America, Found Parasitizing Euonymus in New York PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of the Apple Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne mali) in North America, Found Parasitizing Euonymus in New YorkJ. D. Eisenback, L. S. Graney, and P. VieiraJ. D. EisenbackSearch for more papers by this author, L. S. GraneySearch for more papers by this author, and P. VieiraSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. D. Eisenback , Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 L. S. Graney , Diagnostic Services Manager, Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Charlotte, NC 28278 P. Vieira , Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Published Online:20 Dec 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0894-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat A root sample from a declining hedge of Manhattan Euonymus (Euonymus kiautschovicus Loes.) growing at a private residence in Harrison, NY, was submitted to the Diagnostic Clinic at the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Charlotte, NC, on 22 April 2016. The roots were disfigured with swellings and galls that contained females of a root-knot nematode. Infected tissues were sent to Virginia Tech for species identification. The perineal patterns of the females were morphologically very similar to that of Meloidogyne mali Itoh et al. 1969 (Itoh et al. 1969). The perineal pattern was rounded, and contained a conspicuous tail terminus flanked by two short lateral ridges that rapidly faded beneath the surface of the cuticle. Additional morphological characters that were consistent with those of M. mali included the shapes of the stylet in all three life-stages, morphology of the male head, and shape of the juvenile tail. Likewise, measurements of second-stage juveniles were comparable to those in the original description. Voucher cultures of this nematode were established in the greenhouse by inoculating 1,500 eggs onto E. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand. -Maz. ‘Emerald Gaiety’ and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). All of the symptoms of the disease developed on both tomato and Eunomymus with numerous galls containing adult females with a lot of eggs filled with second-stage juveniles. In addition, PCR was performed for the D2-D3 region of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene using the primers D2A (>5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTTG-3′) and D3B (<5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) (De Ley et al. 2005), and the sequences were blasted against GenBank for matches. Although there were a few nucleotide differences among this and other isolates of M. mali, the similarity ranged from 96 to 98% and confirms the identity of this population (accession no. KX430177). The apple root-knot nematode has been reported on numerous plant species in Japan (Toida 1979), and on elm in Italy and the Netherlands (Ahmed et al. 2013; Palmisano and Ambrogioni 2000). M. mali may have been spread from the Netherlands to Italy on infected elm nursery stock in the breeding program to fight Dutch elm disease (DED) (Palmisano and Ambrogioni 2000). The fungus that causes DED was probably introduced from Asia into Europe and finally to the United States. Likewise, the nematode may have been introduced by the same program. Initial breeding for resistance to DED in the U.S. occurred at two major locations: Madison, WI, and Morristown, NJ. The location of the infestation in Harrison, NY, is only 95 km from Morristown, close enough to be a possible suspect as the site of introduction. Delimiting surveys are necessary to determine its current distribution, to trace back the possible original introduction of this nematode into North America and to determine its potential economic impact. M. mali has a very broad host range parasitizing fruit and nut trees, flowering trees, shade trees, woody shrubs, vines, brambles, vegetables, row crops, flowers, weedy plants, and ferns. This report adds E. kiautschovicus and E. fortunei to the host list. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. mali in North America and the state of New York.References:Ahmed, M., et al. 2013. ZooKeys 362:1. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.362.6352 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDe Ley, P., et al. 2005. Phil. Trans. of Royal Society B – Biol. Sci. 360:1945. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarItoh, Y., et al. 1969. Appl. Entomol. Zool. (Jpn.) 4:194. Crossref, Google ScholarPalmisano, A. M., and Ambrogioni, L. 2000. Nematol. Mediterr. 28:279. Google ScholarToida, Y. 1979. Jap. J. Nematol. 9:20. Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 101, No. 3 March 2017SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 9 Feb 2017Published: 20 Dec 2016First Look: 14 Nov 2016Accepted: 8 Nov 2016 Pages: 510-510 Information© 2017 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byMorphological and molecular analyses of a Meloidogyne mali population with high intragenomic rRNA polymorphism6 November 2020 | Journal of Nematology, Vol. 52, No. 1Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Virginia and West Virginia18 December 2018