Artigo Acesso aberto Revisado por pares

Scientific Opinion on the effect assessment for pesticides on sediment organisms in edge‐of‐field surface water

2015; Wiley; Volume: 13; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4176

ISSN

1831-4732

Tópico(s)

Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety

Resumo

EFSA JournalVolume 13, Issue 7 4176 OpinionOpen Access Scientific Opinion on the effect assessment for pesticides on sediment organisms in edge-of-field surface water EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues, EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their ResiduesSearch for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues, EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their ResiduesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4176Citations: 17 Panel members: Alf Aagaard, Theo Brock, Ettore Capri, Sabine Duquesne, Metka Filipic, Antonio F. Hernandez-Jerez, Karen I. Hirsch-Ernst, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Michael Klein, Thomas Kuhl, Ryszard Laskowski, Matthias Liess, Alberto Mantovani, Colin Ockleford, Bernadette Ossendorp, Robert Smith, Paulo Sousa, Ingvar Sundh, Aaldrik Tiktak, Ton Van Der Linden. Correspondence: pesticides.ppr@efsa.europa.eu Acknowledgement: The Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on sediment effect assessment, Alf Aagaard, Theo Brock, Sabine Duquesne, Michael Klein, Bert van Hattum, Ingvar Sundh, Daniel Pickford (until July 2014) and Virginie Ducrot (until September 2014), for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion, and EFSA staff, Mark Egsmose, Rachel Sharp, Stephanie Bopp (until January 2014) and Laura Villamar Bouza (until December 2014), for the support provided to this scientific opinion. Adoption date: 24 June 2015 Published date: 16 July 2015 Question number: EFSA-Q-2012-00959 On request from: EFSA AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) was tasked to revise the Guidance Document (GD) on Aquatic Ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91/414/EEC (SANCO/3268/2001 rev. 4 (final), 17 October 2002). This scientific opinion of the PPR Panel is the second of three requested deliverables within this mandate. The scientific background for the risk assessment on sediment organisms in edge-of-field surface waters is provided, with reference to benthic ecology and ecotoxicology, available test protocols and current knowledge on exposure and effects of sediment-bound plant protection products (PPPs). The scientific opinion provides approaches on how to derive regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) for sediment organisms and exposure to active substances of PPPs and transformation products of these substances, and how to link them in a tiered approach to predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for the sediment compartment. A list of uncertainties in relation to such approaches is given. References Adams MS and Stauber JL, 2004. Development of a whole-sediment toxicity test using benthic marine microalga. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 1957– 1968. Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Voorhees JP, Petersen MA, Jennings LL, Fojut TL, Vasquez ME and Tjeerdema RS, 2015. Relative toxicity of bifenthrin to Hyalella azteca in 10-day vs. 28-day exposures. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 11, 319– 328. doi:10.1002/ieam.1609. Aguayo P, González C, Barra R, Becerra J and Martínez M, 2014. Herbicides induce change in metabolic and genetic diversity of bacterial community from a cold oligotrophic lake. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30, 1101– 1110. Alonso Prados E and Novillo-Villajos A, 2010. Ecological characterization of permanent and ephemeral streams of a typical Mediterranean agricultural landscape (East and Southeast of Iberian Peninsula. In: Linking aquatic exposure and effects in the risk assessment of plant protection products. Eds TCM Brock, A Alix, CD Brow, E Capri, BFF Gottesbüren, F Heimbach, CM Lythgo, R Schulz and E. Streloke SETAC Press & CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 288– 303. AMPS (Working Group on Analysis and Management of Priority Substance), 2004. Discussion document on sediment monitoring guidance for the EU Water Framework Directive, Version 2, AMPS Subgroup on sediment monitoring, 25 May 2004. http://www.sednet.org/download/AMPS_sediment_monitoring_discussion_doc_v2.pdf. Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Siegler K and Voorhees J, 2012. Initial trends in chemical contamination, toxicity and land use in California watersheds: Stream pollution trends (SPoT) monitoring program. Second Technical Report–Field Years 2009-2010. California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA, USA, 92 pp. Araújo CVM, Tornero V, Lubián LM, Blasco J, Van Bergeijk SA, Cañavate P, Cid A, Franco D, Prado R, Bartual A, López MG, Ribeiro R, Moreira-Santos M, Torreblanca A, Jurado B and Moreno-Garrido I, 2010. Ring test for whole-sediment toxicity assay with a benthic marine diatom. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 822– 828. Armitage PD, Cranston P and Pinder LC, 1995. The Chironomidae: biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer, Dordrecht, 572 pp. Arnot JA and Gobas FAPC, 2003. A generic QSAR for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals in aquatic food webs. QSAR and Combinatorial Science, 22, 337– 345. Arnot JA and Gobas FAPC, 2004. A food web bioaccumulation model for organic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 2343– 2355. Arnot JA and Gobas FAPC, 2006. A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in fish. Environmental Review, 14, 257– 297. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2007. E1611. Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2010a. E1706-05. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2010b. E1367-03. Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2010c. E1688-10. Standard guide for determining of the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by benthic invertebrates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2013. E2591-07. Standard guide for conducting whole sediment toxicity tests with amphibians. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. Balthis WL, Hyland JL, Fulton MH, Pennington PL, Cooksey C, Key PB, DeLorenzo ME and Wirth EF, 2010. Effects of chemically spiked sediments on estuarine benthic communities: a controlled mesocosm study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 161, 191– 203. BBA, 2000. Bekanntmachung über die Abdrifteckwerte, die bei der Prüfung und Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln herangezogen werden, 8 Mai. In: Bundesanzeiger No 100, amtlicher Teil, vom 25, Mai 2000, S. 9879. Besseling E, Wegner A, Foekema EM, Van den Heuvel-Greve MJ and Koelmans AA, 2012. Effects of microplastic on fitness and PCB bioaccumulation by the lugworm Arenicola marina (L.) Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 593– 600. doi:10.1021/es302763x. Biggs J and Brown C, 2010. Ecological characterization of water bodies in clay landscapes in the United Kingdom. In: Linking aquatic exposure and effects in the risk assessment of plant protection products. Eds TCM Brock, A Alix, CD Brow, E Capri, BFF Gottesbüren, F Heimbach, CM Lythgo, R Schulz and E. Streloke SETAC Press & CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 304– 320. Biggs BJF, Goring DG and Nikora VI, 1998. Subsidy and stress responses of stream periphyton to gradients in water velovity as a function of community growth form. Journal of Phycology, 34, 598– 607. Biggs J, Williams P, Whitfield M, Nicolet P, Brown C, Hollis J, Arnold D and Pepper T, 2007. The freshwater biota of British agricultural landscapes and their sensitivity to pesticides. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 122, 137– 148. Boesten JJTI, Köpp H, Adriaanse PI, Brock TCM and Forbes VE, 2007. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66, 291– 308. Boxall ABA, Sinclair CJ, Fenner K, Kolpin D and Maund SJ, 2004. When synthetic chemicals degrade in the environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 368A– 375A. Brady DJ, 2014. Toxicity Testing and Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Benthic Invertebrates. Report of the Environmental Fate and Effect Division, 7507. Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 20460, 31 pp. Brinke M, Höss S, Fink G, Ternes TA, Heininger P and Traunspurger W, 2010. Assessing effects of the pharmaceutical ivermectin on meiobenthic communities using freshwater microcosms. Aquatic Toxicology, 99, 126– 137. Brinkhurst RO, 1974. The benthos of lakes. The Blackburn Press, Caldwell, NJ, USA, 190 pp. Brinkhurst RO and Gelder SR, 1991. Annelida: Oligochaeta and Branchiobdellida, In: Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates (Eds TH Thorp and AP Covich). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA. Brock TCM, 2013. Priorities to improve the ecological risk assessment and management for pesticides in surface water. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 9, e64– e74. Brock T, Arts G, Belgers D and Van Rhenen-Kersten C, 2010a. Ecological characterization of drainage ditches in the Netherlands to evaluate pesticide-stress. In: Linking aquatic exposure and effects in the risk assessment of plant protection products. Eds TCM Brock, A Alix, CD Brow, E Capri, BFF Gottesbüren, F Heimbach, CM Lythgo, R Schulz and E. Streloke SETAC Press & CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 269– 287. Brock TCM, Belgers JDM, Roessink I, Cuppen JGM and Maund SJ, 2010b. Macroinvertebrate responses to insecticide application between sprayed and adjacent non-sprayed ditch sections of different sizes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29, 1994– 2008. TCM Brock, A Alix, CD Brown, E Capri, BFF Gottesbüren, F Heimbach, CM Lythgo, R Schulz and M Streloke (Eds), 2010c. Linking aquatic exposure and effects: risk assessment of pesticides. SETAC Press & CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 398 pp. Brock TCM, Hammers-Wirtz M, Hommen U, Preuss TG, Ratte T, Roessink I, Strauss T and Van den Brink PJ, 2015. The minimum detectable difference (MDD) and the interpretation of treatment-related effects of pesticides in experimental ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 1160– 1174. Brooke DN and Crookes MJ, 2007. Review of bioaccumulation models for use in environmental standards. Environment Agency Science Report–SC030197/SR1. Environment Agency, Bristol UK. Brown LR, May JT and Hunsaker CT, 2008. Species composition and habitat associations of benthic algal assemblages in headwater streams of the Sierra Nevada, California. Western North American Naturalist, 68, 194– 209. Borgmann U, Grapentine L, Norwood WP, Bird G, Dixon DG and Lindeman D, 2005. Sediment toxicity testing with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca: relevance and application. Chemosphere, 61, 1740– 1743. Burešová H, Crum SJH, Belgers JDM, Adriaanse PI and Arts GHP, 2013. Effects of linuron on a rooted aquatic macrophyte in sediment-dosed test systems. Environmental Pollution, 175, 117– 124. Burton GA, 1991. Assessing the toxicity of freshwater sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 10, 1585– 1627. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). Government of Canada, Ottawa, 1999. http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=26A03BFA-1. Carbonell G, Ramos C, Pablos MV, Ortiz JA and Tarazona JV, 2000. A system dynamic model for the assessment of different exposure routes in aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 247, 107– 118. Carder JP and Hoagland KD, 1998. Combined effects of alachlor and atrazine on benthic algal communities in artificial streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 1415– 1420. Carson R, 1962. Silent spring. Mariner Book, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA, USA. Cattaneo A, Kerimian T, Roberge M and Marty J, 1997. Periphyton distribution and abundance on substrata of different size along a gradient of stream trophy. Hydrobiologia, 354, 101– 110. Chinalia FA and Killham KS, 2006. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biodegradation in river sediments of northeast Scotland and its effect on microbial communities. Chemosphere, 64, 1675– 1683. Cordova-Kreylos AL, Cao YP, Green PG, Hwang HM, Kuivila KM, LaMontagne MG, Van de Werfhorst LC, Holden PA and Scow KM, 2006. Diversity, composition, and geographical distribution of microbial communities in california salt marsh sediemnts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 3357– 3366. Covich AP, Palmer MA and Crowl TA, 1999. The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems: zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling. BioScience, 49, 119– 127. Covich AP, Austen MC, Bärlocher F, Chauvet E, Cardinale BJ, Biles CL, Inchausti P, Dangles O, Solan M, Gessner MO, Statzner B and Moss B 2004. The role of biodiversity in the functioning of freshwater and marine benthic ecosystems. BioScience, 54, 767– 775. Crum SJH and Brock TCM, 1994. Fate of chlorpyrifos in indoor microcosms and outdoor ditches. In: Freshwater field tests for hazard assessment of chemicals. Eds IA Hill, F Heimbach, P Leeuwangh and P. Matthiesen Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA, 315– 322. Dahllöf I, Blanck H, Hall POJ and Molander S, 1999. Long-term effects of tri-n-butyl-tin on the function of a marine sediemnt system. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188, 1– 11. Dahllöf I, Agrenius S, Blanck H, Hall P, Magnusson K and Molander S, 2001. The effect of TBT on the structure of a marine sediment community–a boxcosm study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 8, 689– 695. Davies B, Biggs J, Williams P, Whitfield M, Nicolet P, Sear D, Bray S and Maund S, 2008a. Comparative biodiversity of aquatic habitats in the European agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 125, 1– 8. Davies BR, Biggs J, Williams PJ, Lee JT and Thompson S, 2008b. A comparison of the catchment sizes of rivers, streams, ponds, ditches and lakes: implications for protecting aquatic biodiversity in an agricultural landscape. Hydrobiologia, 597, 7– 17. Davies J, Honegger JL, Tencalla FG, Meregalli G, Brain P, Newman JR and Pitchford HF, 2003. Herbicide risk assessment for non-target aquatic plants: sulfosulfuron–a case study. Pest Management Science, 59, 231– 237. De Haas EM, Reuvers B, Moermond CTA, Koelmans AA and Kraak MHS, 2002. Responses of benthic invertebrates to combined toxicants and food input in floodplain lake sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 21, 2165– 2171. De Lipthay JR, Tuxen N, Johnsen K, Hansen LH, Albrechtsen HJ, Bjerg PL and Aamand J, 2003. In situ exposure to low herbicide concentrations affects microbial population composition and catabolic gene frequency in an aerobic shallow aquifer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 461– 467. De Voogt P and Van Hattum B, 2003. Critical factors in exposure modeling of endocrine active substances. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75, 1933– 1948. DeLorenzo ME, Scott GI and Ross PE, 1999. Effects of the agricultural pesticides atrazine, deethylatrazine, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos on an estuarine microbial food web. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 2824– 2835. DeLorenzo ME, Scott GI and Ross PE, 2001. Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 84– 98. Deneer JW, Arts GHP and Brock TCM, 2013. Sediment toxicity data for benthic organisms and plant protection products: a literature review. Alterra report 2485. Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 47 pp. Diepens NJ, Arts GHP, Brock TCM, Smidt H, Van den Brink PJ, Van den Heuvel-Greve MJ and Koelmans AA, 2014a. Sediment toxicity testing of organic chemicals in the context of prospective risk assessment: a review. Critical Reviews of Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 255– 302. Diepens NJ, Arts GHP, Focks A and Koelmans AA, 2014b. Tracking uptake, translocation and elimination in sediment-rooted macrophytes: a model-supported analysis of whole sediment toxicity test data. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 12344– 12356. Diepens NJ, Baveco H, Van den Brink P, Van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Koelmans AA and Brock TCM, submitted 2015a. Prospective environmental risk assessment for sediment-bound organic chemicals: a proposal for tiered effect assessment. Diepens NJ, Van den Heuvel-Greve M and Koelmans AA, submitted 2015b. Model supported bioaccumulation assessment by battery testing allows read across among marine benthic invertebrate species. Dijksterhuis J, Van Doorn T, Samson R and Postma J, 2011. Effects of seven fungicides on non-target aquatic fungi. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 222, 421– 425. Dimitrov MR, Kosol S, Smidt H, Buijse L, Van den Brink PJ, Van Wijngaarden RPA, Brock TCM and Maltby L, 2014. Assessing effects of the fungicide tebuconazole to heterotrophic microbes in aquatic microcosms. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 1002– 1011. Di Toro D.M, Zarba CS, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ, Swarts RC, Cowan CE, Pavlou SP, Allen HE, Thomas NA, Che Paquin PR., 1991. Technical basis for the equilibrium partitioning method for establishing sediment quality criteria Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11, 1541– 1583. Donkin SG and Williams PL, 2009. Influence of developmental stage, salts and food presence on various end points using Caenorhabditis elegans for aquatic toxicity testing. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, 2139– 2147. Downing HF, DeLorenzo ME, Fulton MH, Scott GI, Madden CJ and Kucklick JR, 2004. Effects of the agricultural pesticides atrazine, chlorothalonil, and endosulfan on South Florida microbial assemblages. Ecotoxicology, 13, 245– 260. Drewes CD, 1997. Sublethal effects of environmental toxicants on oligochaete escape reflexes. American Zoologist, 37, 346– 353. Drewes CD and Brinkhurst RO, 1990. Giant fibers and rapid escape reflexes in newly hatched aquatic oligochaetes, Lumbriculus variegatus (Family Lumbriculida). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 17, 91– 95. Duft M, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Weltje L, Tillmann M, Oehlmann J, 2003a. Stimulated embryo production as a parameter of estrogenic exposure via sediments in the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Aquatic Toxicology, 64, 437– 449. Duft M, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Tillmann M, Markert B and Oehlmann J, 2003b. Toxicity of triphenyltin and tributyltin to the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum in a new sediment biotest. Environmetal Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 145– 152. Ebke KP, Felten C and Dören L, 2013. Impact of heterophylly on the sensitivity of Myriophyllum aquaticum biotests. Environmental Sciences Europe, 25, 6. EC (European Commission), 2002. Guidance Document on Aquatic Ecotoxicology in the context of the Directive 91/414/EEC (SANCO/3268/2001) rev.4 final, 17.11.2002, pp. 1– 62. EC (European Commission), 2003. Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Commission Directive 98/8/EC. of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. EC (European Commission), 2008. Technical Guidance Document in support of the of Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Guidance on Data Requirements for active substances and biocidal products. Short title: TNsG Data Requirements. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), 2008. The Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Guidance for the implementation of REACH, Helsinki, May 2008. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), 2012. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.7c: Endpoint specific guidance. Report ECHA-12-G-23-EN. ECHA, Helsinki. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), 2013. Guidance on information requirements. Guidance on regulation (EU) no 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products (BPR) Version 1.0 July 2013. ECHA, Helsinki. Available online: http://echa.europa.eu. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), 2014. Principles for environmental risk assessmet of the sediment compartment. Proceedings of the Topical Scientific Workshop, Helsinki, 7–8 May 2013, 82 pp. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Health, Plant Protection Products and their Residues on a request of EFSA related to FOCUS SW scenarios. The EFSA Journal 2004, 145, 1– 31. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.145. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Health, Plant Protection Products and their Residues on a request from the EFSA related to the evaluation of dimoxystrobin. The EFSA Journal 2005, 178, 1– 45. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.178. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Health, Plant Protection Products and their Residues on the request from the EFSA related to the assessment of the acute and chronic risk to aquatic organisms with regard to the possibility of lowering the assessment factor if additional species were tested. The EFSA Journal 2006, 301, 1– 45. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.301. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2007a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) related to the revision of Annexes II and III to Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market - Ecotoxicological studies. The EFSA Journal 2007, 461, 1– 44. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.461. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2007b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) related to the revision of Annexes II and III to Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market – Fate and behavior in the environment. The EFSA Journal 2007, 448, 1– 17. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.448. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2008. Opinion on a request from EFSA related to the default Q10 value used to describe the temperature effect on transformation rates of pesticides in soil–Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel). The EFSA Journal 2007, 622, 1– 32. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.622. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2009. The usefulness of total concentrations and pore water concentrations of pesticides in soil as metrics for the assessment of ecotoxicological effects–Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR). EFSA Journal 922, 1– 90. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.922. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2010a. Scientific opinion on the development of specific protection goal options for environmental risk assessment of pesticides, in particular in relation to the revision of the guidance documents on aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicology (SANCO/3268/2001 and SANCO/10329/2002). EFSA Journal 2010; 8(10):1821, 55 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1821. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2010b. Scientific opinion on outline proposals for assessment of exposure of organisms to substances in soil. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(1):1442; 38 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1442. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011. Submission of scientific peer-reviewed open literature for the approval of pesticide active substances under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(2):2092, 49 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2092. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2012. Scientific Opinion on the science behind the guidance for scenario selection and scenario parameterisation for predicting environmental concentrations of plant protection products in soil. EFSA Journal 2012; 10(2):2562, 76pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2562. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2013. Guidance on tiered risk assessment for plant protection products for aquatic organisms in edge-of-field surface waters. EFSA Journal 2013; 11(7):3290, 186 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3290. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues), 2014. Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for non-target terrestrial plants. EFSA Journal 2014; 12(7):3800, 163 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3800. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues) (2015a). Statement on the FRA guidance proposal ‘Guidance on how aged sorption studies for pesticides should be conducted, analysed and used in regulatory assessments (FERA, 2012)’. EFSA Journal 2015; 13(7):4175, 54pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4175. EFSA PPR Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues) (2015b). Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for non-target arthropods. EFSA Journal 2015; 13(2):3996, 212 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3996. EFSA SC (EFSA Scientific Committee), 2016. Scientific Opinion on the temporal and spatial recovery of non-target organisms for environmental risk assessments. EFSA Journal 2016 (in preparation). Egeler P, Meller M, Schallna H-J and Gilberg D, 2006. Validation of a Sediment Bioaccumulation Test with Endobenthic Aquatic Oligochaetes by an International Ring Test. AGENCY GFE, 79 pp. Elliot JM, 1977. A key to British freshwater Megaloptera and Neuroptera with notes on their life cycles and ecology. Scientific Publication No 35. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 52 pp. Elliott JM and Humpesch UH, 2010. Mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera) of Britain and Ireland: keys and a review of their ecology. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 152 pp. Enrich-Prast A, 2006. Effect of pesticides on nitrification in aquatic sediment. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66, 405– 412. Epstein SS, 1997. Microbial food-webs in marine sediments. 1. Trophic interactions and grazing rates in two tidal flat communities. Microbial Ecology, 34, 188– 198. Faber D and Bruns E, 2015. Future challenges in sediment toxicity testing for the risk assessment of plant protection products. Poster at SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting, 3–7 May 2015, Barcelona, Spain. Fang H, Cai L, Yang Y, Ju F, Li X, Yu Y and Zhang T, 2014. Metagenomic analysis reveals potential biodegradation pathways of persistent pesticides in freshwater and marine sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 470–471, 983– 992. Farré M and Barceló D, 2003. Toxicity testing of wastewater and sewage sludge by biosensors, bioassays and chemical analysis. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 299– 310. Feiler U, Kirchessch I and Heininger P, 2004. A new plant-based bi

Referência(s)