Edoxaban for the Prevention of Thromboembolism in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Valves
2017; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 135; Issue: 13 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circulationaha.116.026714
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresAnthony P. Carnicelli, Raffaele De Caterina, Jonathan L. Halperin, Giulia Renda, Christian T. Ruff, Marco Trevisan, Francesco Nordio, Michele Mercuri, Elliott M. Antman, Robert P. Giugliano,
Tópico(s)Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 135, No. 13Edoxaban for the Prevention of Thromboembolism in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Valves Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBEdoxaban for the Prevention of Thromboembolism in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Valves Anthony P. Carnicelli, MD, Raffaele De Caterina, MD, PhD, Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, Giulia Renda, MD, PhD, Christian T. Ruff, MD, MPH, Marco Trevisan, MSc, Francesco Nordio, PhD, Michele F. Mercuri, MD, PhD, Elliott Antman, MD and Robert P. Giugliano, MD, SMOn behalf of the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators Anthony P. CarnicelliAnthony P. Carnicelli From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Raffaele De CaterinaRaffaele De Caterina From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Jonathan L. HalperinJonathan L. Halperin From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Giulia RendaGiulia Renda From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Christian T. RuffChristian T. Ruff From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Marco TrevisanMarco Trevisan From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Francesco NordioFrancesco Nordio From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Michele F. MercuriMichele F. Mercuri From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author , Elliott AntmanElliott Antman From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author and Robert P. GiuglianoRobert P. Giugliano From Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.P.C.); Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy (R.D.C., G.R.); Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.H.); TIMI Study Group (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), Boston, MA (C.T.R., M.T., F.N., E.A., R.P.G.); and Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development, Edison, NJ (M.P.M.). Search for more papers by this author and On behalf of the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators Originally published16 Feb 2017https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026714Circulation. 2017;135:1273–1275Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2017: Previous Version 1 Atrial fibrillation (AF) and valvular heart disease frequently coexist and independently increase mortality.1 Bioprosthetic valve implantation (surgical or transcatheter) is a common, increasingly utilized treatment for valvular heart disease.2 Patients with AF and bioprosthetic valves require anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic events. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants are safe and efficacious alternatives to vitamin K antagonists for anticoagulation in AF. However, guidelines recommend against using non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in patients with bioprosthetic valves, citing a lack of supporting data. Only 1 of the first 3 warfarin-controlled pivotal non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants trials in AF included patients with bioprosthetic valves (n>80).3 The ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial (Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48), which compared edoxaban (a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor) to warfarin in patients with AF,4 did not exclude patients with bioprosthetic valves, thus providing an opportunity to analyze this high-risk subgroup.ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 randomized patients with AF and a CHADS2 score (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 years, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke or TIA [2 points]) ≥2 to a once daily higher dose edoxaban regimen (60 mg), lower dose edoxaban regimen (30 mg), or warfarin (International Normalized Ratio target of 2.0–3.0). The edoxaban dose was reduced by 50% in patients with decreased clearance. Patients with a history of left-sided valvular heart disease,5 including those with a history of aortic or mitral bioprosthetic valve implantation (either surgical or transcatheter) >30 days before randomization, were analyzed because right-sided valvular heart disease rarely causes stroke. The indication and date of bioprosthetic valve implantation were not collected. Patients with mechanical valves or moderate-severe mitral stenosis were excluded. The ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 protocol and amendments were approved by the ethics committee at each participating center. All participants provided written informed consent. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (unique identifier: NCT00781391) and can be found at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00781391. In this prespecified analysis, we evaluated outcomes with edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with bioprosthetic valves enrolled in ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48.Primary end points included stroke or systemic embolic events (stroke/SEE), major bleeding (per the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition), and the primary net clinical outcome (stroke/SEE, major bleeding, death). Secondary composite end points included ischemic stroke/SEE, major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death), and the composite of stroke/SEE, all-cause mortality, and life-threatening or fatal bleeding (alternative net clinical outcome). An independent, blinded clinical end point committee adjudicated all clinical end points as defined in the main trial. Baseline patient characteristics were described, and hazard ratios (HRs) for each end point comparing higher and lower dose edoxaban to warfarin were calculated.Of 21 105 patients enrolled in the main trial, 191 (0.9%) had previous bioprosthetic valve implantation (n=131 [68.6%] mitral, n=60 [31.4%] aortic). The median follow-up was 2.8 years, and the median time-in-therapeutic range for patients randomized to warfarin was 68.9%. Patients were mostly male (63.4%), white (86.4%), and from North America (38.2%), with a median age of 75 (interquartile range 69–79 years), a mean CHADS2 score of 3.0 (SD=1.0), and a mean HAS-BLED score (Hypertension, Abnormal renal or liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INRs Elderly [age >65 years], Drugs or alcohol) of 2.7 (SD=1.1). Most patients had a history of smoking (52.9%), whereas 20.9% had a history of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, 75.9% had a history of previous vitamin K antagonist use (>2 months), and 34.0% were using aspirin at randomization. These baseline characteristics were balanced among treatment groups (P>0.05 for each).Rates of stroke/SEE were similar for higher and lower dose edoxaban versus warfarin (Figure). Rates of major bleeding were similar for higher dose edoxaban versus warfarin but were lower with lower dose edoxaban versus warfarin (0.76%/year versus 6.27%/year; HR, 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.95; P=0.045). Bioprosthetic valve patients treated with higher dose edoxaban had significantly lower rates of the primary net clinical outcome (7.53%/year versus 15.77%/year; HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.23–0.91; P=0.03) and myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death (4.32%/year versus 11.07%/year; HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15–0.87; P=0.03). Bioprosthetic valve patients treated with lower dose edoxaban had lower rates of the primary net clinical outcome (7.03%/year versus 15.77%/year; HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21–0.88; P=0.02). Rates of other secondary end points were similar between treatments, including ischemic stroke/SEE (higher dose edoxaban versus warfarin HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.12–2.02], lower dose edoxaban versus warfarin HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.20–2.57]); myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death (lower dose edoxaban versus warfarin HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.30–1.35]); and the alternative net clinical outcome (higher dose edoxaban versus warfarin HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.23–1.09], lower dose edoxaban versus warfarin HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.30–1.37]), P>0.05 for each.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Clinical outcomes in patients with bioprosthetic valves by randomized treatment group.A, Kaplan-Meier curve for the primary efficacy end point of stroke or systemic embolic events. B, Primary safety end point of major bleeding. C, Primary net clinical outcome of stroke, SEE, major bleeding, or death, comparing HDER (blue) and LDER (green) versus warfarin (red) in patients with bioprosthetic valves. The total number of patients who experienced stroke/SEE for warfarin, HDER, and LDER were n=8, n=3, and n=4, respectively. The total number of patients who experienced major bleeding for warfarin, HDER, and LDER were n=9, n=4, and n=1, respectively. Annualized event rates for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively, by treatment group are as follows: warfarin=1.66%/year and 3.45%/year, HDER=1.19%/year and 0%/year, LDER=2.57%/year and 0%/year. One patient who was randomized never took a dose of the study drug; thus, this patient was excluded from the safety analysis (B) but included in the efficacy analysis (A and C). CI indicates confidence interval; HDER, higher dose edoxaban regimen; HR, hazard ratio; LDER, lower dose edoxaban regimen; and SEE, systemic embolic event.This prespecified subgroup analysis from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 represents the largest randomized, prospective comparison of a non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant versus warfarin in patients with AF and bioprosthetic valves. In ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, patients with bioprosthetic valves treated with higher dose edoxaban had similar rates of stroke/SEE and major bleeding compared with warfarin. Patients treated with lower dose edoxaban had similar rates of stroke/SEE but lower rates of major bleeding compared with warfarin. Compared with warfarin, patients with bioprosthetic valves treated with higher dose edoxaban had lower rates of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death and of the primary net clinical outcome. Compared with warfarin, patients treated with lower dose edoxaban had lower rates of the primary net clinical outcome. No data are available in patients with implanted mechanical valves treated with edoxaban. Our analysis suggests that edoxaban appears to be a reasonable alternative to warfarin in patients with AF and remote bioprosthetic valve implantation.Anthony P. Carnicelli, MDRaffaele De Caterina, MD, PhDJonathan L. Halperin, MDGiulia Renda, MD, PhDChristian T. Ruff, MD, MPHMarco Trevisan, MScFrancesco Nordio, PhDMichele F. Mercuri, MD, PhDElliott Antman, MDRobert P. Giugliano, MD, SMOn behalf of the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 InvestigatorsSources of FundingThe ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial was supported by a research grant from Daiichi Sankyo to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. All analyses were conducted independently by the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group, and all authors had full access to the data. The authors are fully responsible for the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, and the writing of the manuscript. The sponsor played no role in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.DisclosuresDr De Caterina has received research support through his institution from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, and Roche; and honoraria for lectures and consulting from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Merck, Lilly, and Novartis. Dr Halperin has received consulting fees from Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Johnson & Johnson, Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Sanofi Aventis, AstraZeneca, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Janssen, and Medtronic. Dr Renda declares consultancy and speaker fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Bayer. Dr Ruff reports grant support through his institution from Daiichi Sankyo; has served as a consultant and received honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and reports receiving grant support through his institution outside the submitted work from AstraZeneca, Eisai, and Intarcia. Marco Trevisan reports grant support through his institution from Daiichi Sankyo. Francesco Nordio reports grant support through his institution from Daiichi Sankyo. Michele F. Mercuri reports being used by Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development and holding a patent related to the clinical properties of edoxaban. Dr Antman reports receiving grant support through his institution from Daiichi-Sankyo. Dr Giugliano has served as a consultant and has received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, and Sanofi; and grant support through his institution from Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, and AstraZeneca.FootnotesCirculation is available at http://circ.ahajournals.org.Correspondence to: Robert P. Giugliano, MD, TIMI Study Group, 350 Longwood Ave, 1st Floor, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail [email protected]References1. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study.Lancet. 2006; 368:1005–1011. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69208-8.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Isaacs AJ, Shuhaiber J, Salemi A, Isom OW, Sedrakyan A. National trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of mechanical versus bioprosthetic aortic valve replacements.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015; 149:1262.e3–1269.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.01.052.CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. Pokorney SD, Rao MP, Wojdyla DM, Gersh BJ, Lopes RD, Lewis BS, Hanna M, Avezum A, Wallentin L, Alexander JH, Granger CB. Apixaban use in patients with atrial fibrillation with bioprosthetic valves: insights from ARISTOTLE.Circulation2015; 132:A17277.LinkGoogle Scholar4. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, Waldo AL, Ezekowitz MD, Weitz JI, Špinar J, Ruzyllo W, Ruda M, Koretsune Y, Betcher J, Shi M, Grip LT, Patel SP, Patel I, Hanyok JJ, Mercuri M, Antman EM; ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:2093–2104. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Renda G, De Caterina R, Carnicelli A, Nordio F, Mercuri M, Ruff C, Giugliano R. 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