Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals
2015; Wiley; Volume: 13; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4373
ISSN1831-4732
Tópico(s)Human-Animal Interaction Studies
ResumoEFSA JournalVolume 13, Issue 12 4373 OpinionOpen Access Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, Panel on Animal Health and WelfareSearch for more papers by this author Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, Panel on Animal Health and WelfareSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 December 2015 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4373Citations: 14 Panel members: Andrew Butterworth, Anette Botner, Antonio Velarde, Bruno Garin-Bastuji, Christian Gortazar Schmidt, Christoph Winckler, Dominique Bicout, Hans H. Thulke, Hans Spoolder, Jan Arend Stegeman, Klaus Depner, Lisa Sihvonen, Margaret Good, Miguel Angel Miranda, Mohan Raj, Paolo Calistri, Preben Willeberg, Sandra Edwards, Simon More, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Virginie Michel. Correspondence: [email protected] Acknowledgement: The Panel wishes to thank the working group on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals: Adriano Casulli, Franz Conraths, Helen Roberts, Helene Wahlström, Rene Bødker and Thomas Romig for the preparatory work on this scientific output, the hearing expert: Gesine Hahn and EFSA staff members: Andrea Gervelmeyer, Eliana Lima, Federica Barrucci, Frank Boelaert, Frank Verdonck, José Cortiñas Abrahantes and Gabriele Zancanaro, for the support provided to this scientific output. Adoption date: 2 December 2015 Published date: 22 December 2015 Question number: EFSA-Q-2014-00728 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was required to support the European Commission in preparing the review of Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. In Europe, red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the main definitive host of the Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) lifecycle. There is no evidence that any other carnivore species can maintain the lifecycle in the absence of red fox, and this makes it to most relevant target species for surveillance. Movement of infected definitive hosts is an important introduction pathway. The knowledge on the geographical distribution of the environmental factors for the persistence of the lifecycle is scarce. In areas where no suitable autochthonous wild canid hosts and no highly suitable intermediate hosts are present, e.g. Malta, establishment of the EM cycle is considered close to impossible. Such countries do not need to carry out surveillance on domestic dogs to substantiate absence of EM in the relevant animal population. Reconsideration of some aspects of the current legislation regarding surveillance activities might be relevant; for example the identification of epidemiologically relevant units should be independent from political borders. Studies to improve the knowledge on epidemiological risk factors should be encouraged to enable risk-based sampling. Echinococcus notification should always be done at species level in order to discriminate between the more severe alveolar echinococcosis and the cystic echinococcosis. Praziquantel is the substance of choice for the treatment of dogs. However, the treatment window should be reconsidered to reduce the risk of re-infection: a general rule is to treat as close as possible to entry into a non-infected country. There is a lack of standardization of the diagnostic methods between laboratories. The diagnostic sensitivity of the tests should be established in accordance to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standards for validation. For the time being, the diagnostic sensitivity can be set conservatively to 78%. References Abdullaev AG, Shishlo LA, Adrianov SO, Rodionova TV, 2006. Clinical and laboratory symptoms of space-occupying hepatic lesions and their prognostic value. Journal of Surgery in the Name of N I Pirogov. (www.mediasphera.ru/journals/pirogov/detail/264/4007/) [in Russian]. Ahlmann V, 1996. Zum Vorkommen von Echinococcus multilocularis im Saarland. In: Zur epidemiologischen Situation des Echinococcus multilocularis – breitet sich eine gefährliche Parasitose in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aus? Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) Hefte 14/1996, 51– 69. Alther P, 1996. Beitrag zur Epidemiologie und Diagnose der Echinococcus multilocularis – Infektion bei Endwirten. Vet Med thesis. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Al-Sabi MNS, Kapel CMO, Deplazes P and Mathis A, 2007. Comparative copro-diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis in experimentally infected foxes. Parasitology Research, 101, 731– 736. Allan JC, Craig PS, Garcia Noval J, Mencos F, Liu D, Wang Y, Wen H, Zhou P, Stringer R, Rogan M, et al., 1992. Coproantigen detection for immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis and taeniasis in dogs and humans. Parasitology, 104 (Pt 2), 347– 56. Andersen FL, Crellin JR, Cox DD, 1981. Efficacy of praziquantel against immature Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs and cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 1978– 9. Anderson FL, 1985. Efficacy of a combined paste formulation of Praziquantel/febantel against immature Echinoccus granulosus and immature Echinococcus mutilocularis. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 46, 253– 55. Altintas N, 1998. Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Turkey. AnnTrop Med Parasitol 97, 637– 642. Altintas N, 2003. Past to present: echinococcosis in Turkey. Acta Trop. 85, 105– 112. Ammann RW and Eckert J, 1996. Cestodes – Echinococcus. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 25, 655. Antolova D, Miterpakova M, Reiterova K and Dubinsky P, 2006. Influence of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of causative agents of helminthozoonoses in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Helminthologia, 43, 226– 231. Antolova D, Reiterova K, Miterpakova M, Dinkel A, Dubinsky P, 2009. The First Finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in Dogs in Slovakia: An Emerging Risk for Spreading of Infection. Zoonoses and Public Health, 56: 53– 58. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01154.x Antolova D, Miterpakova M, Radoňak J, Hudačkova D, Szilagyiova M, Začek M, 2014. Alveolar echinococcosis in a highly endemic area of Northern Slovakia between 2000 and 2013. Euro Surveill., 19(34), pii: 20882. Atkinson JA, Gray DJ, Clements AC, Barnes TS, McManus DP, Yang YR, 2015. Environmental changes impacting Echinococcus transmission: research to support predictive surveillance and control. Glob Chang Biol., 19(3), 677– 88. Aubert M, Jacquier P, Artois M, Barrat MJ, Basile AM, 1986. Le portage animal d'Echinococcus multilocularis en Lorraine et ses conséquences sur la contamination humaine. Bull Soc Fr Parasitol, 1986, 4(1), 59– 64. Aubert M, Jacquier P, Artois M, Barrat MJ, Basile AM, 1987. Le portage d'Echinococcus multilocularis par le renard (Vulpes vulpes) en Lorraine. Conséquences sur la contamination humaine. Recherche médicale vétérinaire, 163(10), 839– 843. Auer H, Aspock H, 2001. Human alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis in Austria: the recent epidemiological situation. Helminthologia, 38, 3– 14. Baudouin MC, Aubert MFA, 1993, Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 in foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) in the Vosges: a parasite dangerous to man. Rev. sci. tech. OIE., 12(1), 161– 163. Bagrade G, Snabel V, Romig T, Ozolins J, Huettner M, Miterpakova M, Sevcova D and Dubinsky P, 2008. Echinococcus multilocularis is a frequent parasite of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Latvia. Helminthologia, 45, 157– 161. Bagrade G, Kirjusina M, Vismanis K, Ozolins J, 2009. Helminth parasites of the wolf Canis lupus from Latvia. J Helminthol 83, 63– 68. Baker PJ, Harris S and Webbon CC, 2002. Effect of British hunting ban on fox numbers. Nature, 419, 34. Ballek D, 1991. Zum Vorkommen von Echinococcus multilocularis und anderen Zestoden und Nematoden beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes L.) in den Regierungsbezirken Arnsberg, Detmold und Kassel. Ph.D. Thesis. School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover. Berke O, Romig T, von Keyserlingk M, 2008. Emergence of Echinococcus multilocularis among red foxes in northern Germany, 1991–2005. Vet Parasitol 155, 319– 322. Barlow AM, Gottstein B, Müller N, 2011. Echinococcus multilocularis in an imported European captive beaver (Castor fiber) in Great Britain. Vet Rec 169, 339. Bessonov AS, 2002. Echinococcoses of animals and humans in the Russian Federation. In: Cestode Zoonoses: P Craig, Z Pawlowski (eds.): Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis, IOS Press, pp. 91– 98. Bessonov AS, 2003. Alveolar echinococcosis and hydatidosis. Moscow Russian Academy. 334 p. [in Russian]. Bilger B, Veit P, Muller V, Merckelbach A, Kersten D, Stoppler H, Lucius R, 1995. Further-studies of echinococcus-multilocu laris infection of the red fox in the district of Tubingen. Tierarztliche Umschau, 50, 465– 470. Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van der Noordaa J, 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. Journal of Clinical Microbiology., 28(3), 495– 503. Borecka A, Gawor J, Malczewska M, Malczewski A, 2007. Prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm in red foxes in central Poland. Med Weter, 63, 1333– 1335. Borecka A, Gawor J, Malczewska M, Malczewski A, 2008. Occurence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southern Poland. Helminthologia, 45, 24– 27. Borecka A., Gawor J., Malczewska M., Malczewski A, 2009. Prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasites of the small intestine in red foxes from central Poland. Med. Wet, 65, 33– 35. Borgsteede FHM, 1984. Helminth parasites of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in the Netherlands. Z Parasitenkd, 70, 281– 285. Borgsteede FHM, Tibben JH, Van der Giessen JVB, 2003. The musk rat (Ondatra zibethicus) as intermediate host of cestodes in the Netherlands. Veterinary Parasitology, 117(1–2), 29– 36. Bresson-Hadni S, Vuitton DA, Bartholomot B, Heyd B, Godart D, Meyer JP, Hrusovsky S, Becker MC, Mantion G, Lenys D and Miguet JP, 2000. A twenty-year history of alveolar echinococcosis: analysis of a series of 117 patients from eastern France. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 12, 327– 336. Bretagne S, Guillou JP, Morand M and Houin R, 1993. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in fox feces using dna amplification. Parasitology, 106, 193– 199. Brglez J, Kryštufek B, 1984. Metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis in Apodemus flavicollis in Slovenia. Zb Biotehn Fak Vet, 21, 173– 176. Brochier B, Coppens P, Losson B, Aubert MFA, Bauduin B, Barrat MJ, Costy F, Peharpre D, Pouplard L, Pastoret PP, 1992. Enquête sur l'infestation du Renard roux (Vulpes vulpes) par Echinococcus multilocularis en Province de Luxembourg (Belgique). Ann. Med. Vet., 136, 497– 501. Brochier B, De Blander H, Hanosset R, Berkvens D, Losson B, et al., 2007. Echinococcus multilocularis and Toxocara canis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Brussels, Belgium. Prev Vet Med, 80, 65– 73. Brundu D, Piseddu T, Stegel G, Masu G, Ledda S, Masala G, 2014. Retrospective study of human cystic echinococcosis in Italy based on the analysis of hospital discharge records between 2001 and 2011. Acta Trop., 140, 91– 6. Bruzinskaite R, Marcinkute A, Strupas K, Sokolovas V, Deplazes P, Mathis A, Eddi C and Sarkunas M, 2007. Alveolar echinococcosis, Lithuania. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 1618– 1619. Bruzinskaite R, Sarkunas M, Torgerson PR, Mathis A, Deplazes P, 2009. Echinococcosis in pig and intestinal infection with Echinococcus spp. in dogs in southern Lithumania. Vet Parasitol, 160, 237– 241. Bruzinskaite-Schmidhalter R, Sarkunas M, Malakauskas A, Mathis A, Torgerson PR and Deplazes P, 2011. Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania. Parasitology, 139, 120– 127. Čada F, Martínek K, Kolářová L, 1999. Domestic cat (Felis catus f. dom.) as the final host of Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworms. Veterináfiství 49, 2– 3. Calderini P, Magi M, Gabrielli S, Brozzi A, Kumlien S, Grifoni G, Iori A, Cancrini G, 2009. Investigation on the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in Central Italy. BMC Veterinary Research, 5, 44. Callait MP, 2003. Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. R. Ramousse, D Allainé & M. Le Berre, Eds., International Network on Marmots, 9– 10. Cameron A, 2012. Manual of basic animal disease surveillance. AU-IBAR, Nairobi, Kenya. Cameron AR, Baldock FC, 1998. A new probability formula for surveys to substantiate freedom from disease. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 34, 1– 17. Cannon RM, 2002. Demonstrating disease freedom – combining confidence levels. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 52, 227– 249. Cannon RM and Roe RT, 1982. Livestock disease surveys. A field manual for veterinarians. Bureau of Range Science, Department of Primary Industry. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Casulli A, Bart JM, Knapp J., et al., 2009. Multi-locus microsatellite analysis supports the hypothesis of an autochthonous focus of Echinococcus multilocularis in northern Italy. Int J Parasitol 39, 837– 842. Casulli A, Possenti AA, La Torre G, et al., 2015. Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals (GP/EFSA/AHAW/2012/01). EFSA supporting publication 2015:EN-882 Chaignat V, Boujon P, Frey CF, Hentrich B, Müller N, Gottstein B, 2015. The brown hare (Lepus europaeus) as a novel intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Parasitol Res., 114(8), 3167– 3169. Cirovic D, Pavlovic I, Kulisic Z, et al., 2012. Echinococcus multilocularis in the European beaver (Castor fiber L.) from Serbia: first record. Vet Rec, 171, 100. Combes B, Comte S, Raton V, et al., 2012. Westward Spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in Foxes, France, 2005–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 2059– 2062. Comte S, 2014. Fox culling against Echinococcus multilocularis, reverse consequences. Abstract in ESCCAP Echinococcus 2014, Vilnius, http://www.esccap.org/uploads/file/EE14%20Abstract%20Booklet.pdf Comte S, Raton V, Raoul F, Hegglin D, Giraudoux P, Deplazes P, Favier S, Gottschek D, Umhang G, Boue F and Combes B, 2013. Fox baiting against Echinococcus multilocularis: Contrasted achievements among two medium size cities. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 111, 147– 155. Conraths FJ, Deplazes P, 2015. Echinococcus multilocularis: Epidemiology, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective. Vet Parasitol. pii: S0304–4017(15)00367-2. Cook BR, 1991. Echinococcus multilocularis infestation acquired in UK. Lancet, 337(8740), 560– 1. Coudert, J, Euzeby J, Garin JP, 1970. Fréquence de Echinococcus multilocularis chez le renard commun (Vulpes vulpes) dans le secteur nord-est de la France. Lyon Médical, 224(32), 293– 298. Craig PS, Gasser RB, Parada L, Cabrera P, Parietti S, Borgues C, Acuttis A, Agulla J, Snowden K, Paolillo E, 1995. Diagnosis of canine echinococcosis: comparison of coproantigen and serum antibody tests with arecoline purgation in Uruguay. Vet Parasitol., 56(4), 293– 301. Davidson RK, Øines Ø, Madslien K, Mathis A, 2009. Echinococcus multilocularis—adaptation of a worm egg isolation procedure coupled with a multiplex PCR assay to carry out large-scale screening of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Norway. Parasitol Res, 104, 509– 514. Davidson RK, Romig T, Jenkins E, Tryland M, Robertson LJ, 2012. The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol., 28(6), 239– 247. Delattre P, Pascal M, Le Pesteur MH, Giraudoux P, Damange JP, 1988. Caractéristiques écologiques et épidémiologiques de l'Echinococcus multilocularis au cours d'un cycle complet des populations d'un hôte intermédiaire (Microtus arvalis). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1988, 66(12), 2740– 2750. Denzin N, Schliephake A, Frohlich A, Ziller M, Conraths FJ, 2014. On the move? Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 61 (2014), pp. 239– 246. Deplazes P, Alther P, Tanner I, Thompson RCA and Eckert J, 1999. Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in fox, dog, and cat populations. Journal of Parasitology, 85, 115– 121. Deplazes P, Eckert J, 2001. Veterinary aspects of alveolar echinococcosis – a zoonosis of public health significance. Vet Parasitol 98, 65– 87. Deplazes P, Hegglin D, Gloor S, et al., 2004. Wilderness in the city: the urbanization of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol 20, 77– 84. Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, et al., 2011. Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcocis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol 182, 41– 53. Detry O, Honoré C, Delwaide J, Demonty J, De Roover A, Vivario M, Thiry A, Hayette MP, Belaïche J, Meurisse M, Honoré P, 2005. Endemic alveolar echinococcosis in Southern Belgium? Acta Gastroenterol Belg., 68(1), 1– 4. Di Cerbo AR, Manfredi MT, Trevisiol K, Bregoli M, Ferrari N, Pirinesi F, et al., 2008. Intestinal helminth communities of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) in the Italian Alps. Acta Parasitol, 53 (2008), 302– 311. Dinkel A, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M, Bilger B, Merli M, Lucius R and Romig T, 1998. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive host: Coprodiagnosis by PCR as an alternative to necropsy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 1871– 1876. Dinkel A, Kern S, Brinker A, Oehme R, Vaniscotte A, Giraudoux P, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, 2011. A real-time multiplex-nested PCR system for coprological diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis and host species. Parasitol Res., 109(2), 493– 8. Druschky KF, Niederstadt T, Jourdan W, Stoltze D, Heckl R, 1995. High-grade transverse syndrome caused by Echinococcus cysts. Nervenarzt, 66, 136– 139. [in German]. Duscher G, Prosl H and Joachim A, 2005a. Scraping or shaking – a comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of Echinococcus multilocularis in fox intestines. Parasitology Research, 95, 40– 42. Duscher G, Prosl H, Joachim A, 2005b. Scraping or shaking – a comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of Echinococcus multilocularis in fox intestines. Parasitol. Res., 95, 40– 42. Dyachenko V, Pantchev N, Gawlowska S, et al., 2008. Echinococcus multilocularis infections in domestic dogs and cats from Germany and other European countries. Vet Parasitol 157, 244– 253. Eckert J, Deplazes P, Ewald D, Gottstein B, 1991. Parasitologische und immunologische Methoden zum Nachweis von Echinococcus multilocularis bei Füchsen. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 13, 25– 30. Eckert J, Thompson RC, Bucklar H, Bilger B & Deplazes P, 2001. Efficacy evaluation of epsiprantel (Cestex) against Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs and cats. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 114(3–4), 121– 126. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006a. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance and Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union in 2005. The EFSA Journal, 94. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.94r EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) regarding the assessment of the risk of Echinococcosis introduction into the UK, Ireland, Sweden, Malta and Finland as a consequence of abandoning national rules. EFSA Journal, 441, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.441 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance and Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union in 2006. EFSA Journal 130, 207– 216. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.130r EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2012a. A framework to substantiate absence of disease: the risk based estimate of system sensitivity tool (RiBESS) using data collated according to the EFSA Standard Sample Description – An example on Echinococcus multilocularis. EFSA Supporting Publications 2012:EN-366. 44 pp. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2012b. Scientific and technical assistance on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals. EFSA Journal 2012; 10(11):2973. 22 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2973 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2013a. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2011. EFSA Journal, 11, 3129. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2013b. Assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance reports submitted 2013 in the context of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. EFSA Journal 2013; 11(11):3465, 40 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3465. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2014. Assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance reports submitted in 2014 in the context of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. EFSA Journal 2014; 12(10):3875, 44 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3875 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2015a. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2013. EFSA Journal 2015; 13(1):3991, 165 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3991 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2015b. Assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance data 2012–2013 submitted by Norway in the context of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. EFSA Journal 2015; 13(2):4035, 21 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4035 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2012. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2011. EFSA Journal 2013; 11(4):3129, 250 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3129 Enemark HL, Al-Sabi MNS, Knapp J, Staahl M, Chríel M, 2013. Detection of a high-endemic focus of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in southern Denmark. Euro Surveill. 18 (10), 20420 Enge A, 1996. Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen von Füchsen auf Echinococcus multilocularis in Freistaat Sachsen im Zeitraum 1990 bis 1995. In: K. Tachmann, K. Janitschke (eds.): Zur epidemiologischen Siatuation des Echinococcus multilocularis – breitet sich eine gefährliche Parasitose in der Bundesrepublik Deutschlandaus? RKI-Hefte 14, 111– 113. Eskens U, 1997. Zum vorkommen von Echinococcus multilocularis bei Rotfüchsen im Einzugsgebiet des Staatlichen Medizinal-, Lebensmittel- und Veterinäruntersuchungsamts mittelhesen. Z. Jagdwiss. 43, 154– 165. EurEchinoReg (1999) European Network for concerted surveillance of Alveolar Echinococcosis. Final report to the European Commission – DGV (SOC 97 20239805F01). University de Franche-Comté: European Commission, Unité de Recherche. Ewald D, 1990. Distribution of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in the fox (Vulpes vulpes) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in the Freiburg administrative district. Mitteilungen Des Badischen Landesvereins Fuer Naturkunde Und Naturschutz E V Freiburg Im Breisgau, 15, 81– 100. Ewald D, Eckert J, 1993. Verbreitung und Häutfigheit von Echinococcus multilocularis bei Rotfüchcen in der Nord-, Ost-, und Südschweiz sowie im Fürstentum Lichtenstein. Z. Jagdwiss, 39, 171– 180. Fischer C, Reperant LA, Weber JM, Hegglin D, Deplazes D, 2005. Echinococcus multilocularis infections of rural, residential and urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Parasite, 12(4), 339– 346. Fesseler M, 1990. Vergleich der Endemiegebiete von Echinococcus multilocularis und Tollwut in Mitteleuropa. Veterinary Doctoral Thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Franssen F, Nijsse R, Mulder J, Cremers H, Dam C, Takumi K, van der Giessen J, 2014. Increase in number of helminth species from Dutch red foxes over a 35-year period. Parasites & Vectors, 7– 166. Genov T, Svilenov D, Polyakova-Krusteva O, 1980. The natural occurrence of Alveococcus multilocularis in the Microtus nivalis in Bulgaria. C. R. Acad. Bulgare Sci., 33, 981– 984. Genov et al. (1981) Comp red Acad Bulg Sci 34, 1157– 1160. Gentle MN, Saunders G and Dickman C, 2007. Poisoning for production: how effective is fox baiting in south-eastern Australia? Mammal Rev, 37, 177– 190. Gottstein B, Saucy F, Wyss C, Siegenthaler M, Jacquier P, Schmitt M, et al, 1996. Investigations on a Swiss area highly endemic for Echinococcus multilocularis. Appl Parasitol, 37, 129– 36. Gottstein B, Saucy F, Deplazes P, et al., 2001. Is high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild and domestic animals associated with disease incidence in humans? Emerging Infectious Diseases 7, 408– 412 Gottstein B, Wang J, Blagosklonov O, Grenouillet F, Millon L, Vuitton DA and Mueller N, 2014. Echinococcus metacestode: in search of viability markers. Parasite, 21. Gottstein B, Stojkovic M, Vuitton DA, et al., 2015. Threat of alveolar echinocccosis to public health – a challenge for Europe. Trends Parasitol (epub ahead of print). Guberti V., Poglayen G, 1991. Zoonosi parassitarie: indagini in volpi (Vulpes vulpes) dell'Appennino Settentrionale. Hystrix, Italian Journal of Mammology, 3, 167– 173. Guerra D, Hegglin D, Bacchiarini L, et al., 2014. Stability of the southern European border of Echinococcus multilocularis in the Alps: evidence that Microtus arvalis is a limiting factor. Parasitology 141, 1593– 1602. Guislain MH, Raoul F, Giraudoux P, et al., 2008. Ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in the French Ardennes. J Helminthol 82, 143– 151. Hanosset R, Saegerman C, Adant S, Massart L, Losson B, 2008. Echinococcus multilocularis in Belgium: prevalence in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and in different species of potential intermediate hosts. Vet Parasitol, 151, 212– 217. Hartel et al., 2004. Abstracts of the 21st Annual Meeting of the German Parasitology Association. 17–20 March 2004, Wurzburg, Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 293, suppl 38, 62– 63. Heath DD, Zhang LH, McManus DP, 2005. Short report: inadequacy of yaks as hosts for the sheep dog strain of Echinococcus granulosus or for E. multilocularis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72, 289– 290. Hegglin D, Ward PI, Deplazes P, 2003. Anthelmintic Baiting of Foxes against Urban Contamination with Echinococcus multilocularis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(10), 1266– 1272. Hegglin D, Bontadina F, Gloor S, Romer J, Muller U, Breitenmoser U and Deplazes P, 2004. Baiting red foxes in an urban area: A camera trap study. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68, 1010– 1017. Hegglin D and Deplazes P, 2008. Control strategy for Echinococcus multilocularis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14, 1626– 1628. Hegglin D, Bontadina F and Deplazes P, 2015. Human-wildlife interactions and zoonotic transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends in Parasitology, 31, 167– 173. Henttonen H, Fuglei E, Gower CN, Haukisalmi V, Ims RA, Niemimaa J and Yoccoz NG, 2001. Echinococcus multilocularis on Svalbard: introduction of an intermediate host has enabled the local life-cycle. Parasitology, 123, 547– 552. Heydon MJ and Reynolds JC, 2000. Demography of rural foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in relation to cull intensity in three contrasting regions of Britain. J Zool, 251, 265– 276. Hofer S, Gloor S, Muller U, Mathis A, Hegglin D and Deplazes P, 2000. High prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and voles (Arvicola terrestris) in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Parasitology, 120, 135– 142. Horvath A, Patonay A, Bánhegyi D, Szlávik J, Balázs G, et al., 2008. The first case of human alveolar echinococcosis in Hungary. Orv Hetil, 149, 795– 796. [in Hungarian]. Hurníková, Z, Miterpáková M, Chovancová B, 2009. The important zoonoses in the protected areas of the Tatra National Park (TANAP). Wiadomości Parazytologiczne, 55(4), 395– 398.
Referência(s)