Emergent Carotid Stenting After Thrombectomy in Patients With Tandem Lesions
2017; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 48; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/strokeaha.117.016182
ISSN1524-4628
AutoresDaniel Behme, Carlos A. Molina, Magdy Selim, Marc Ribó,
Tópico(s)Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
ResumoHomeStrokeVol. 48, No. 4Emergent Carotid Stenting After Thrombectomy in Patients With Tandem Lesions Free AccessArticle CommentaryPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessArticle CommentaryPDF/EPUBEmergent Carotid Stenting After Thrombectomy in Patients With Tandem Lesions Daniel Behme, MD, Carlos A. Molina, MD, Magdy H. Selim, MD and Marc Ribo, MD Daniel BehmeDaniel Behme From the Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (D.B.); Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit Hospital Vall d'Hebron-Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., M.R.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.H.S.). , Carlos A. MolinaCarlos A. Molina From the Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (D.B.); Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit Hospital Vall d'Hebron-Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., M.R.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.H.S.). , Magdy H. SelimMagdy H. Selim From the Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (D.B.); Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit Hospital Vall d'Hebron-Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., M.R.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.H.S.). and Marc RiboMarc Ribo From the Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (D.B.); Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit Hospital Vall d'Hebron-Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., M.R.); and Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (M.H.S.). Originally published14 Mar 2017https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016182Stroke. 2017;48:1126–1128Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2017: Previous Version 1 The CaseA 68-year-old diabetic woman presents to the emergency department 1 hour after right-sided hemiplegia and global aphasia. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score is 21; Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASEPCTS) on computed tomographic scan is 8; and computed tomographic angiography shows severe left internal carotid artery stenosis and proximal left M1 middle cerebral artery occlusion (tandem lesion). She is treated with intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) and is being considered for endovascular intervention.The QuestionsWould you consider a left internal carotid artery stenting immediately after successful thrombectomy (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI]-3)? If so, when do you start dual-antiplatelet therapy?The ControversyEmergent carotid stenting after thrombectomy in patients with tandem lesions.Yes, Carotid Artery Stenting Should Be Considered Immediately After Successful ThrombectomyDaniel BehmeI would always go for stenting of the internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis because the clot in the middle cerebral artery was likely caused by the stenosis. Therefore, acute stenting in combination with thrombectomy allows for treatment of the symptomatic middle cerebral artery occlusion and the suspected cause of the stroke, the severe ICA stenosis, simultaneously. More importantly, I would never refuse to provide endovascular therapy (EVT) because of an underlying tandem lesion. The data of the MR CLEAN (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in The Netherlands) have shown that patients having tandem occlusions benefit from EVT.1 This was also true for the other randomized trials, which are summarized in the HERMES meta-analysis (Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke trials).2 Immediate stenting is thereby justified for 2 reasons. First, the ICA stenosis is obviously symptomatic and therefore should be considered for stenting or surgical treatment according to the current recommendations anyway.3 Second, it is much easier to perform intracranial thrombectomy if one can place a large guiding catheter or a femoral long sheath distally in the ICA or at least if one can pass the cervical ICA with a large bore aspiration catheter, which might not be possible in the presence of severe ICA stenosis. Although balloon angioplasty without stenting might be an option, this technique is associated with increased risks of ICA dissection and recurrent stenosis. In addition, balloon angioplasty without stenting is not the standard of care in symptomatic ICA stenosis. If you favor of carotid endarterectomy, you probably should ask a vascular surgeon what he thinks about administering intravenous tPA right before surgery. If you only worry about the time lost because of stenting before thrombectomy, you can simply do it the other way around; pass the stenosis with an intermediate catheter, if necessary, after angioplasty of the ICA and perform thrombectomy first. One can save ≈30 minutes4 by applying this technique. About antiplatelet therapy, I would start it right away before stent placement. Ideally, after a flat detector computed tomographic scan is performed after intracranial thrombectomy and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is ruled out before stent placement. I would leave the patient on acetylic salicylic acid monotherapy until tPA is eliminated completely, that is, for 24 hours. To my knowledge, existing guidelines do not recommend starting dual-antiplatelet therapy within 1 hour of intravenous tPA administration. However, one should not be afraid to use dual-anitiplatelet therapy with acetylic salicylic acid and clopidogrel based on the guidelines for ICA stenting.3 Available data suggest that there is no higher risk of symptomatic ICH with dual-anitiplatelet therapy in combination with intravenous tPA when ICA stenting is performed in tandem lesions compared with intracranial thrombectomy alone. This seems also to be true for intravenous antiplatelet inhibitors like Tirofiban (Aggrastat) or Eptifibatide (Integrilin).5,6 Especially in our particular case with a high ASPECTS and a short time from symptom onset to recanalization, the expected infarcted tissue should have a small volume. Therefore, a major bleeding complication seems very unlikely to me.No, Carotid Artery Stenting Should Not Be Considered Immediately After Successful ThrombectomyMarc RiboEndovascular treatment of tandem lesions in patients with acute stroke is controversial and open to debate because most recent large randomized clinical trial had these lesions listed in their exclusion criteria. The main questions are which of the 2 lesions should be treated first and should the extracranial carotid lesion be stented or not. Immediate stenting of the carotid lesion aims to secure permeability of the ICA, for which we have to pay the price of loading the patient with antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis. A loading dose of dual antiplatelet in the acute phase of a large stroke is known to significantly increase the risk of ICH, especially in this case of particularly large stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 21) with baseline parenchymal ischemic damage (ASPECTS 8). Not to mention that the patient just received intravenous tPA, meaning that even single-antiplatelet therapy is contraindicated in the first 24 hours. For these reasons, the rate of ICH after acute stenting in patients with stroke presenting with tandem occlusions has been reported to be as high as 20%.7There are 2 options if we decide not to stent the carotid lesion. The first option is to perform an angioplasty of the carotid lesion to minimize the degree of residual stenosis. Angioplasty is often sufficient to ensure ICA permeability during the following days or weeks; however, in some cases, a reocclusion may occur, usually progressively in the following minutes after angioplasty and can be observed on an angiogram performed a few minutes later. The second option is to perform the intracranial thrombectomy to reestablish intracranial flow with minimal interaction with the carotid plaque (to minimize plaque activation) leaving a residual stenosis that sometimes may even reocclude during the procedure. In any case, if an acute ICA reocclusion is observed, an angiogram from the contralateral ICA confirming a robust cross-filling flow through the anterior communicating artery may indicate that no further action is needed. Stenting should be performed only in those rare cases with ICA reocclusion and an insufficient circle of Willis. Avoiding acute stenting and therefore acute antiplatelet loading will not increase the bleeding risk. Subacute carotid stenting according to the patient outcome and final parenchymal lesion can be safely performed in the following days to weeks.In the decision-taking process, we should balance the following: lower risk of ICA reocclusion with increased risk of ICH versus higher risk of ICA reocclusion with no increased risk of ICH, that is, reocclusion versus bleeding. Hemorrhagic transformation in a patient with acute stroke on dual antiplatelet (who just received intravenous tPA) often represents an irreversible fatal outcome. On the contrary, a reocclusion of an extracranial ICA lesion may still be perfectly compensated by contralateral cross-filling. In cases of immediate clinical recovery, a reocclusion can be clinically monitored; however, it is not unusual that these reocclusions may be even clinically unnoticed and represent a radiological finding on follow-up imaging. In cases without immediate clinical improvement, a bedside monitoring technique such as repeated ultrasound during the first hours can identify a reocclusion. In the event that a reocclusion is detected, there might still be a second endovascular therapeutic option for the patient.Rebuttal by Dr BehmeFirst of all, most of the recent studies included patients with tandem lesions (one of their big advantages) and the HERMES meta-analysis2 shows that this subset of patients benefits from EVT. Therefore, Dr Ribo's first argument is wrong. In addition, Dr Ribo cites the study by Dorado et al,7 which reports about a total of 143 patients of whom only 20 received a carotid stent. Dr Ribo's concerns seem to be built on the experience of 20 cases! He should consider the recent literature on acute carotid stenting,6,7 which shows that the risk of symptomatic ICH in these patients is not as high as 20%. I concur with Dr Ribo's argument against the use of dual antiplatelets together with intravenous tPA. However, I invite him to take part in a study on acetylic salicylic acid monotherapy for the first 24 hours post-intervention in cases with acute carotid stenting. About the risk of a reocclusion of the ICA after thrombectomy, one should consider the preexisting ICA stenosis as a symptomatic stenosis not only in terms of a hemodynamic relevant stenosis but also as a potential risk for embolic strokes. Therefore, it might be a very risky strategy to believe that a reocclusion will always be clinically unnoticed.Rebuttal by Dr RiboIn his first sentence, Dr Behme suggests that he would always go for stenting of the ICA. "Always and never are two words we should always remember never to use" (Wendell Johnson), especially in this scenario where solid evidence is yet to exist. The question is not whether this patient should be treated with EVT. Certainly, we both agree that with existing evidence, denying EVT would be at least irresponsible. The present controversy rather addresses whether this patient should or should not receive a stent and the associated antiplatelet management. Unfortunately, the always stenting position defended by Dr Behme is mainly supported by data related to stenting outside of the acute phase. We should certainly be afraid of dual-antiplatelet loading doses in patients who just received iv-tPA given the increased risk of ICH in patients on dual treatment.8 For these reasons, avoiding stenting as the primary and only option seems to be the safe and reasonable initial alternative.Comments by Drs Molina and SelimEVT has been demonstrated to improve long-term outcome in severe stroke patients with proximal intracranial occlusions, including those patients with underlying tandem lesions. Intuitively, emergent carotid stenting—before or right after successful thrombectomy—would remove the big carotid truck from the circulation avoiding further traffic jams because of early rethrombosis and embolization. However, clearing the road by carotid stenting requires dual-antiplatelet loading that may potentially increase the risk of ICH in a freshly reperfused ischemic tissue, specifically when tPA is on board.Our opponents defend 2 different strategies for carotid stenting after thrombectomy. Dr Behme, advocate for a retrieve and stent position. He argues that emergent carotid stenting is mandatory right after successful thrombectomy, to clear the pathway for imminent reocclusion or recurrent embolization, regardless of the magnitude of initial ischemic damage and that the risk of ICH in these patients on dual-antiplatelet therapy is low (9%) and comparable to patients with nontandem lesions. When tPA is on board, he proposes to use of aspirin monotherapy <24 hours to prevent stent thrombosis. In contrast, Dr Ribo defends a retrieve and wait approach. He is concerned about the explosive cocktail of dual antiplatelets and tPA. He considers that the risk of ICH in our particular case exceeds the risk of recurrent embolism and proposes a halfway approach of emergent balloon angioplasty and delayed definitive stenting few days after thrombectomy.Both timing of carotid stenting and optimal antithrombotic strategy in this setting remain controversial. Emergent carotid stenting increases the risk of ICH—because of double antiplatelet regimen—especially in severe strokes, with low ASPECTS scores and tPA on board. Retrospective studies suggest that the risk of symptomatic ICH ranges from 9% to 20% in the retrieve and stent approach. On the contrary, the retrieve and wait may lead to an unacceptable high risk of recurrent disabling stroke. In fact, the recurrent risk in patients with persistent severe carotid stenosis may be as high as 16% at 24 hours. In patients with tandem lesions undergoing emergent balloon angioplasty after thrombectomy, the 7-day stroke risk is ≈10%. Several factors may shift the balance between recurrent stroke and ICH risk including the extent of baseline infarction, pretreatment with intravenous tPA, degree of clinical improvement and residual ischemic lesion after thrombectomy, collateral flow status, availability of flat detector computed tomographic scan to discriminate bleeding from contrast extravasation, type of stent, and antithrombotic regimen chosen. Taken together, the current evidence is limited and mainly based on relatively small retrospective studies with a wide range of clinical and imaging characteristics and different antithrombotic protocols.A pragmatic algorithm for identifying patients for emergent or delayed stenting is crucial. A randomized trial of early versus delayed carotid stenting after thrombectomy is needed. Such a trial should also evaluate the effects of different antithrombotic strategies to balance the risk between stent rethrombosis and ICH. Until then, the best modality and timing to treat a carotid stenosis after successful thrombectomy should be based on a case-by-case basis.DisclosuresDr Behme receives minor travel grants from Stryker (ESMINT Meeting 2016). The other authors report no conflicts.FootnotesThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Correspondence to Daniel Behme, MD, Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Gottingen, Germany, E-mail [email protected] or Marc Ribo, MD, Stroke Unit, Hospital Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain, E-mail [email protected]References1. 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Vakhitov K, Cherniakov I, Khotchenkov M, Vintskovskiĭ S, Kmetik É and Vinokurov A (2021) Stagewise treatment of tandem lesions of the internal carotid artery in patients with ischaemic stroke, Angiology and vascular surgery, 10.33529/ANGIO2021408, 27:4, (50), . Renú A, Blasco J, Laredo C, Llull L, Urra X, Obach V, López-Rueda A, Rudilosso S, Zarco F, González E, Guio J, Amaro S and Chamorro A (2020) Carotid stent occlusion after emergent stenting in acute ischemic stroke: Incidence, predictors and clinical relevance, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.002, 313, (8-13), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2020. Zhang M, Chen Z, Xu J, Gong X, Shi F and Lou M (2020) Antegrade Blood Flow on 4‐Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography Predict Stroke Subtype in Patients With Acute Large Artery Occlusion, Journal of the American Heart Association, 9:19, Online publication date: 6-Oct-2020. Amuluru K, Sahlein D, Al-Mufti F, Payner T, Kulwin C, DeNardo A and Scott J (2020) The Dilator-Dotter Technique: A Modified Method of Rapid Internal Carotid Artery Revascularization in Acute Ischemic Stroke, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 10.3174/ajnr.A6733, 41:10, (1863-1868), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020. Cherniakov I, Vakhitov K, Vintckovsky S and Shatsman I (2020) Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of a patient with acute stroke, Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery, 10.24884/0042-4625-2020-179-3-80-84, 179:3, (80-84) Brandel M, Elsawaf Y, Rennert R, Steinberg J, Santiago-Dieppa D, Wali A, Olson S, Pannell J and Khalessi A (2020) Antiplatelet therapy within 24 hours of tPA: lessons learned from patients requiring combined thrombectomy and stenting for acute ischemic stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, 10.7461/jcen.2020.22.1.1, 22:1, (1-7), Online publication date: 31-Mar-2020. Moon G, Baek B, Kim S, Lee Y, Lee H and Yoon W (2020) Predictors of a Favorable Outcome after Emergent Carotid Artery Stenting in Acute Anterior Circulation Stroke Patients, Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology, 10.3348/jksr.2020.81.3.665, 81:3, (665), . van der Zijden T, Mondelaers A, Yperzeele L, Voormolen M and Parizel P (2019) Current concepts in imaging and endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: implications for the clinician, Insights into Imaging, 10.1186/s13244-019-0744-4, 10:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Sultan-Qurraie A, Witt T, de Havenon A, Ribo M and Zaidat O (2019) SEIMLESS: Simultaneous Extracranial, Intracranial Management of (tandem) LESsions in Stroke, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014403, 11:9, (879-883), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019. Meyer L, Politi M, Alexandrou M and Papanagiotou P (2019) Tandemokklusionen beim akuten SchlaganfallTandem occlusions in acute ischemic stroke, Der Radiologe, 10.1007/s00117-019-0547-0, 59:7, (616-621), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2019. Yang D, Shi Z, Lin M, Zhou Z, Zi W, Wang H, Hao Y, Guo F, Liu W, Xu G, Xiong Y and Liu X (2018) Endovascular retrograde approach may be a better option for acute tandem occlusions stroke, Interventional Neuroradiology, 10.1177/1591019918805140, 25:2, (194-201), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2019. 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Gory B, Haussen D, Piotin M, Steglich-Arnholm H, Holtmannspötter M, Labreuche J, Kyheng M, Taschner C, Eiden S, Nogueira R, Papanagiotou P, Boutchakova M, Siddiqui A, Lapergue B, Dorn F, Cognard C, Killer M, Mangiafico S, Ribo M, Psychogios M, Spiotta A, Labeyrie M, Biondi A, Mazighi M and Turjman F (2018) Impact of intravenous thrombolysis and emergent carotid stenting on reperfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute stroke with tandem lesion treated with thrombectomy: a collaborative pooled analysis, European Journal of Neurology, 10.1111/ene.13633, 25:9, (1115-1120), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2018. Assis Z, Menon B, Goyal M, Demchuk A, Shankar J, Rempel J, Roy D, Poppe A, Yang V, Lum C, Dowlatshahi D, Thornton J, Choe H, Burns P, Frei D, Baxter B and Hill M (2017) Acute ischemic stroke with tandem lesions: technical endovascular management and clinical outcomes from the ESCAPE trial, Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013316, 10:5, (429-433), Online publication date: 1-May-2018. Chen Z, Shi F, Zhang M, Gong X, Lin L and Lou M (2018) Prediction of the Multisegment Clot Sign on Dynamic CT Angiography of Cardioembolic Stroke, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 10.3174/ajnr.A5549, 39:4, (663-668), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Sadeh-Gonik U, Tau N, Friehmann T, Bracard S, Anxionnat R, Derelle A, Tonnelet R, Liao L, Richard S, Armoiry X and Gory B (2018) Thrombectomy outcomes for acute stroke patients with anterior circulation tandem lesions: a clinical registry and an update of a systematic review with meta-analysis, European Journal of Neurology, 10.1111/ene.13577, 25:4, (693-700), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Amuluru K, Romero C, Pyle L, El-Ghanem M and Al-Mufti F (2018) Mechanical Thrombectomy of Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Using Trans-Anterior Communicating Artery Approach, World Neurosurgery, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.038, 112, (46-52), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Behme D (2017) Response by Behme to Letter Regarding Article, "Emergent Carotid Stenting After Thrombectomy in Patients With Tandem Lesions", Stroke, 48:7, (e183-e183), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017.Poppe A, Stapf C and Raymond J (2017) Letter by Poppe et al Regarding Article, "Emergent Carotid Stenting After Thrombectomy in Patients With Tandem Lesions", Stroke, 48:7, (e182-e182), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017.Zhang R, Zhou Y, Liu C, Zhang M, Yan S, Liebeskind D and Lou M (2017) Overestimation of Susceptibility Vessel Sign, Stroke, 48:7, (1993-1996), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017. April 2017Vol 48, Issue 4 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016182PMID: 28292869 Originally publishedMarch 14, 2017 Keywordsendovascular recanalizationcarotid stenosisstrokestentingPDF download Advertisement SubjectsRevascularizationStentTreatment
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