Produção Nacional
Why Should We Care About Selenium in Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
2017; American Academy of Sleep Medicine; Volume: 13; Issue: 07 Linguagem: Inglês
10.5664/jcsm.6674
ISSN1550-9397
AutoresRachel Gimenes Albuquerque, Camila Hirotsu, Sérgio Tufik, Mônica L. Andersen,
Tópico(s)Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
ResumoFree AccessObstructive Sleep ApneaWhy Should We Care About Selenium in Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Rachel Gimenes Albuquerque, BSc, Camila Hirotsu, PhD, Sergio Tufik, MD, PhD, Monica Levy Andersen, PhD Rachel Gimenes Albuquerque, BSc Department of Psychobiology - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Search for more papers by this author , Camila Hirotsu, PhD Department of Psychobiology - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Search for more papers by this author , Sergio Tufik, MD, PhD Department of Psychobiology - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Search for more papers by this author , Monica Levy Andersen, PhD Address correspondence to: Monica Levy Andersen, PhD, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, Vila Clementino - 04024-002 -São Paulo/SP, Brazil(55-11) 2149-0160(55-11) 5572-5092 E-mail Address: [email protected] Department of Psychobiology - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Search for more papers by this author Published Online:July 15, 2017https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6674Cited by:1SectionsPDF ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutINTRODUCTIONThis year marks the 200th anniversary of the discovery of selenium by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. However, this micronutrient has only recently gained the attention it deserves. The human genome presents 25 encoding genes for selenium-containing proteins, called selenoproteins. Selenoenzymes belong to this group and require one selenium atom at their active site, usually obtained from the amino acid selenocysteine, to perform catalytic activities. Selenoenzymes have two main functions: to protect cell components against oxidation and to inhibit proinflammatory cell metabolism.1 Glutathione-peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and iodothyronine deiodinase are examples of selenoenzymes, and in situations of selenium deficiency, their activities are drastically reduced. Vegetables are the main dietary source of selenium; its concentration is determined by soil characteristics and bioavailability.2 Insufficient intake of selenium has been associated with diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and cardiovascular outcomes. In the heart, GPx enzymes regulate redox balance of cardiac tissue, playing a critical role in the prevention of ischemia/reperfusion and inhibiting the oxidation of plasma low-density lipoprotein, thereby preventing vascular inflammation and atherogenesis.3 TrxR prevents oxidative stress and regulates myocardial remodeling by reducing cardiac hypertrophy, and iodothyronine deiodinase is fundamental to contractile function.3Cardiovascular comorbidities are prevalent in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The most accepted hypothesis is that intermittent hypoxia leads to oxidative stress contributing to proatherogenic effects: lipid peroxidation, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. The literature is scarce regarding studies investigating the role of selenoenzymes/selenium in OSA pathophysiology. It has been demonstrated that serum GPx concentrations are lower in individuals with OSA, and are inversely correlated with mean oxygen saturation and directly correlated with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).4 This could characterize a compensatory mechanism, in which there is an overproduction of GPx to minimize the oxidative stress generated by hypoxemia. Chen and colleagues5 showed that patients with moderate OSA had lower activity of antioxidant enzymes, including erythrocyte GPx, and lower concentrations of erythrocyte selenium when compared to controls. In this study, AHI presented a significantly inverse correlation with erythrocyte selenium so that when the AHI was higher, the concentration of selenium was lower. Thioredoxin (Trx), a small class of proteins that constitute the thioredoxin redox system together with TrxR, has also been investigated. Serum Trx was increased in individuals with OSA and in individuals with OSA and hypertension, and higher OSA severity was associated with higher Trx concentrations.6The role of selenium in OSA progression and associated cardiovascular comorbidities is not well elucidated and needs to be further investigated. However, its importance is clear, given its role as a fundamental cofactor of antioxidant enzymes. Although the recommend daily intake of selenium is 45 μg/d, which seems a very small amount, one in seven people have an inadequate dietary intake, and it is estimated that selenium deficiency risk will increase in the near future.2 Considering the antioxidant capacity of this micronutrient, ensuring its adequate dietary intake could have a beneficial effect on the response to oxidative stress observed in patients with OSA, reducing the potentially critical cardiovascular and metabolic consequences.DISCLOSURE STATEMENTAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Our studies have been financially supported by Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP) and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant #2014/15259-2 for CH, grant #2014/27329-5 for RGA). MLA and ST are recipients of CNPq fellowship.CITATIONAlbuquerque RG, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Why should we care about selenium in obstructive sleep apnea? J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(7):931–932.REFERENCES1 Forceville XSeleno-enzymes and seleno-compounds: the two faces of selenium. Crit Care; 2006;106:180, 17184558. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2 Jones GD, Droz B, Greve Pet al.Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A; 2017;11411:2848-2853, 28223487. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 Benstoem C, Goetzenich A, Kraemer Set al.Selenium and its supplementation in cardiovascular disease--what do we know?Nutrients; 2015;75:3094-3118, 25923656. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4 Asker S, Asker M, Sarikaya E, Sunnetcioglu A, Aslan M, Demir HOxidative stress parameters and their correlation with clinical, metabolic and polysomnographic parameters in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Clin Exp Med; 2015;87:11449-11455, 26379962. Google Scholar5 Chen PC, Guo CH, Tseng CJ, Wang KC, Liu PJBlood trace minerals concentrations and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Nutr Health Aging; 2013;178:639-644, 24097016. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6 Guo Q, Wang Y, Li QY, Li M, Wan HYLevels of thioredoxin are related to the severity of obstructive sleep apnea: based on oxidative stress concept. Sleep Breath; 2013;171:311-316, 22437910. CrossrefGoogle Scholar Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease: A ReviewRizwan B, Fatima S, Basharat S, Liaqat M, Saeed M and Javed W Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.151, Vol. 4, No. 2 Volume 13 • Issue 07 • July 15, 2017ISSN (print): 1550-9389ISSN (online): 1550-9397Frequency: Monthly Metrics History Submitted for publicationApril 6, 2017Submitted in final revised formApril 11, 2017Accepted for publicationApril 12, 2017Published onlineJuly 15, 2017 Information© 2017 American Academy of Sleep MedicineACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for all the support provided to our studies. Author contributions: Albuquerque RG proposed the idea of the article and wrote the manuscript. C Hirotsu, ML Andersen, and S Tufik contributed to writing the article, providing scientific support, and revising the text.PDF download
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