Updating the China Model
2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 34; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0163660x.2011.608335
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement This article benefited from suggestions by James Franklin, Derek Scissors, David Shambaugh, and Jackson Woods. Notes 1. Derek Scissors, "Deng Undone: The Costs of Halting Market Reform in China," Foreign Affairs 88, no. 3 (May/June 2009): pp. 24-39; Bruce J. Dickson, "Beijing's Ambivalent Reformers," Current History 103, no. 674 (September 2004): pp. 249-255; George J. Gilboy and Benjamin L. Read, "Political and Social Reform in China: Alive and Walking," Washington Quarterly 31, no. 3 (Summer 2008): pp. 143-164, http://www.twq.com/08summer/docs/08summer_gilboy-read.pdf. 2. Gordon G. Chang, The Coming Collapse of China (New York: Random House, 2001); Minxin Pei, China's Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); David Shambaugh, China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation (Berkeley and Washington, D.C.: University of California Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008). 3. Dickson, "Beijing's Ambivalent Reformers." 4. The literature on economic reform and opening in China and the implications for other countries is vast. For background, see Barry Naughton, The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007); Edward Steinfeld, Playing Our Game: Why China's Rise Doesn't Threaten the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); James Kynge, China Shakes the World: A Titan's Rise and Troubled Future–and Implications for the United States (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006). For a dissenting view, see Yasheng Huang, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 5. The China model is often equated with the "Beijing consensus," but there is no consensus on that term either. See Stefan A. Halper, The Beijing Consensus: How China's Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty-First Century (New York: Basic Books, 2010); and Scott Kennedy, "The Myth of the Beijing Consensus," Journal of Contemporary China 19, no. 65 (June 2010): pp. 461-477. 6. Bruce Einhorn, "Lenovo Soars in China, Struggles in U.S.," BusinessWeek, February 4, 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2010/gb2010024_825876.htm. 7. Greg Linden, Kenneth L. Kraemer, Jason Dedrick, "Who Captures Value in a Global Innovation System? The Case of Apple's iPod," Personal Computing Industry Center (PCIC), June 2007, http://paginaspersonales.deusto.es/aminondo/Materiales_web/Linden_et_al_IPod_2007.pdf. 8. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Moving up the (Global) Value Chain," July 2007, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/56/38979795.pdf; Joseph Stiglitz, "Towards a New Model of Development," Remarks Prepared for the China Development Forum, Beijing, March 2007, http://policydialogue.org/publications/working_papers/towards_a_new_model_of_development/. 9. Barry Naughton, "Loans, Firms, and Steel: Is the State Advancing at the Expense of the Private Sector?" China Leadership Monitor, no. 30 (Fall 2009), http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM30BN.pdf. 10. Kellee S. Tsai, Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007); Bruce J. Dickson, Wealth into Power: The Communist Party's Embrace of the Private Sector (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 11. Scott Kennedy, "Indigenous Innovation: Not as Scary as It Sounds," China Economic Quarterly 14, no. 3 (September 2010): p. 18, http://mypage.iu.edu/~kennedys/Indigenous%20Innovation%20CEQ%20PUB%20Sept%2010.pdf. 12. Kennedy, "Indigenous Innovation." 13. John Pomfret, "History of Telecom Company Illustrates Lack of Strategic Trust between U.S., China," Washington Post, October 8, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/07/AR2010100707210.html; David Barboza, "China Telecom Giant, Thwarted in U.S. Deals, Seeks Inquiry to Clear Name," New York Times, February 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/26/technology/26huawei.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=huawei&st=cse. 14. Shai Oster, "World's Top Polluter Emerges as Green-Technology Leader", Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126082776435591089.html; Todd Woody, "Silicon Valley's Solar Innovators Retool to Catch Up to China," New York Times, October 12, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/business/energy-environment/13solar.html. 15. In a provocative recent study, Martin Whyte contends that although most Chinese recognize that inequality has grown, it is not a source of resentment or popular protest; see his Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Justice in Contemporary China (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2010). 16. Enrollments in China's institutions of higher education are taken from China Data Online, http://chinadataonline.org/. 17. "Auto, Home Appliance Subsidies Spur Chinese Consumer Spending," Sina.com, August 12, 2010, http://english.sina.com/business/2010/0812/333676.html. 18. David Barboza and Hiroko Tabuchi, "Power Grows for Striking Chinese Workers," New York Times, June 8, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/09/business/global/09labor.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1; "Ten Areas in China Raise Minimum Wage," Global Times, July 2, 2010, http://business.globaltimes.cn/china-economy/2011-04/547702.html. 19. Bruce Gilley, "Taiwan's Democratic Transition: A Model for China?" in Political Change in China: Comparisons with Taiwan, eds. Bruce Gilley and Larry Diamond (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 2008), pp. 215-242. 20. Cheng Li, ed., China's Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 2010). 21. Peter H. Gries, China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Joseph Fewsmith, China since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition, 2nd edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Evan Osnos, "Angry Youth: The New Generation's Neo-Con Nationalists," New Yorker, July 28, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_osnos. 22. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James Morrow, The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003); Eva Bellin, "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics 36, no. 2 (January 2004): pp. 139-157. 23. Jie Chen, Popular Political Support in Urban China (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2004); Wenfang Tang, Public Opinion and Political Change in China (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2005); Pew Research Center, The 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Survey in China, July 22, 2008, http://pewglobal.org/files/pdf/261.pdf; Jie Chen and Bruce J. Dickson, Allies of the State: China's Private Entrepreneurs and Democratic Change (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010). 24. Joseph Fewsmith, "Participatory Budgeting: Development and Limitations," China Leadership Monitor, no. 29 (Summer 2009), http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM29JF.pdf. 25. Elizabeth J. Perry, "Chinese Conceptions of 'Rights': From Mencius to Mao—and Now," Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 1 (March 2008): pp. 37-50. At a June 2011 conference with CCP scholars in Beijing, several Chinese participants insisted that the CCP's top goal was not to stay in power–a common assumption by most scholars–but to serve the people and modernize the country. They rejected the notion that the party had interests of its own separate from the common good. 26. Tianjian Shi, "China: Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System," in How East Asians View Democracy, eds. Yun-han Chu et al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), pp. 209-237. 27. Jude Howell, ed., Governance in China (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004); Governance in China (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005); Tony Saich, "Citizens' Perceptions of Governance in Rural and Urban China," Journal of Chinese Political Science 12, no. 1 (2007): pp. 1-28. 28. Lynn Price, Xuejun Wang, and Jiang Yan, "China's Top-1000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises Program: Reducing Energy Consumption of the 1000 Largest Industrial Enterprises in China," Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, June 2008, http://ies.lbl.gov/iespubs/LBNL-519E.pdf. 29. Mary Gallagher, "'Hope for Protection and Hopeless Choices': Labor Legal Aid in the PRC," in Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China, eds. Elizabeth J. Perry and Merle Goldman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 196-227. 30. Joseph Fewsmith, "Staying in Power: What Does the Chinese Communist Party Have to Do?" in China's Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy, ed. Cheng Li (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008), pp. 212-226. 31. An excellent collection of essays on these themes is Perry and Goldman's Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (note 19). For journalistic accounts, see Ian Johnson, Wild Grass: Three Portraits of Change in Modern China (New York: Vintage, 2005); and Philip Pan, Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008). 32. Shi, "China: Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System,". 33. See especially Teresa Wright, Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China's Reform Era (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2010). 34. Bruce J. Dickson, "China's Cooperative Capitalists: The Business End of the Middle Class," in China's Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation, ed. Cheng Li (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 2010); "China Private Wealth Report 2011," prepared by Bain & Company for the China Merchants Bank, http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/china-private-wealth-report-2011.aspx, and summarized in Li Qian, "China Facing Rich Drain," Global Times, April 22, 2011, http://china.globaltimes.cn/society/2011-04/647415.html. 35. Eva Bellin, "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries," World Politics 52, no. 2 (January 2000): pp. 175-205. This is not to argue that capitalists were the cause of successful democratization, but rather their diminished support for authoritarian regimes helped undermine those regimes' ability to resist popular pressures for political change. 36. Kevin O'Brien, ed., Popular Protest in China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008). Additional informationNotes on contributorsBruce J. DicksonBruce J. Dickson is Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C
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