Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries)

2014; Wiley; Volume: 12; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3706

1831-4732

Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety

EFSA JournalVolume 12, Issue 6 3706 OpinionOpen Access Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries) EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)Search for more papers by this author EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 June 2014 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3706Citations: 31 Panel members: Olivier Andreoletti, Dorte Lau Baggesen, Declan Bolton, Patrick Butaye, Paul Cook, Robert Davies, Pablo S. Fernandez Escamez, John Griffin, Tine Hald, Arie Havelaar, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Roland Lindqvist, James McLauchlin, Truls Nesbakken, Miguel Prieto Maradona, Antonia Ricci, Giuseppe Ru, Moez Sanaa, Marion Simmons, John Sofos and John Threlfall. Correspondence: [email protected] Acknowledgement: The Panel wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin Part 2: Ana Allende, Nigel Cook, Paul Cook, James McLauchlin, Christophe Nguyen-The, Birgit Nørrung and Mieke Uyttendaele for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion and EFSA staff: Maria Teresa da Silva Felicio and Ernesto Liebana Criado for the support provided to this scientific opinion. Adoption date: 22 May 2014 Published date: 18 June 2014 Question number: EFSA-Q-2013-00179 On request from: European Commission AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Berries are a perishable food which can be consumed as fresh or minimally-processed as well as a frozen ingredient added to many foods. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries are the most commonly consumed in the EU. Risk factors for berry contamination by Salmonella and Norovirus were considered in the context of the whole food chain. Available estimates of the prevalence of these pathogens in berries were evaluated together with mitigation options relating to prevention of contamination and the relevance of microbiological criteria. It was concluded that each farm environment represents a unique combination of risk factors that can influence occurrence and persistence of pathogens in berry production. Appropriate implementation of food safety management systems including Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), should be primary objectives of berry producers. There is currently insufficient evidence to justify the establishment of microbiological criteria for Salmonella for fresh or frozen berries. Outbreaks associated with Norovirus in frozen raspberries and strawberries are an emerging public health risk, although it is not known if in these outbreaks contamination occurred at minimal processing or during primary production. It is currently not possible to assess the suitability of an EU-wide Norovirus Hygiene Criterion at primary production for raspberries and strawberries. Microbiological criteria for Norovirus in berries are useful for validation and verification of food safety management systems, including HACCP-based processes and procedures, and can be used to communicate to food business operators and other stakeholders what is acceptable or unacceptable, however there is insufficient data to provide a risk base for establishing a Process Hygiene and Food Safety Criteria for Norovirus in berries. Collection of appropriate data and subsequent risk-based development of microbiological criteria to support improved control of Norovirus in frozen raspberries and strawberries should be considered as a priority. References Ahvenainen R, 1996. New approaches in improving the shelf life of minimally processed fruit and vegetables. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 7, 179– 187. Alakomi HL, Puupponen-Pimia R, Aura AM, Helander IM, Nohynek L, Oksman-Caldentey KM and Saarela M, 2007. Weakening of Salmonella with selected microbial metabolites of berry-derived phenolic compounds and organic acids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 3905– 3912. Almenar E, Samsudin H, Auras R and Harte J, 2010. Consumer acceptance of fresh blueberries in bio-based packages. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90, 1121– 1128. Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, Estes MK, Crawford SE, Neill FH and Graham DY, 2008. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14, 1553– 1557. Baert L, 2013. Foodborne virus inactivation by thermal and non-thermal processes. In: Viruses in Food and Water. Ed N Cook, Woodhead Publishing, 237– 260. Baert L, Mattison K, Loisy-Hamon F, Harlow J, Martyres A, Lebeau B, Stals A, Van Coillie E, Herman L and Uyttendaele M, 2011. Review: norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: a threat to human health? International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151, 261– 269. BfR (Bundestitut fur Risikobewertung), 2012. Tenacity (resistance) of noroviruses in strawberry compote. BfR opinion No. 038/2012, 6 October 2012, 4 pp. Bialka KL and Demirci A, 2007a. Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on blueberries using ozone and pulsed UV-light. Journal of Food Science, 72, M391– 396. Bialka KL and Demirci A, 2007b. Efficacy of aqueous ozone for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella on raspberries and strawberries. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1088– 1092. Bialka KL and Demirci A, 2007c. Utilization of gaseous ozone for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella on raspberries and strawberries. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1093– 1098. Bialka KL and Demirci A, 2008. Efficacy of pulsed UV-light for the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on raspberries and strawberries. Journal of Food Science, 73, M201– 207. Bidawid S, Farber JM and Sattar SA, 2000. Contamination of foods by food handlers: experiments on hepatitis A virus transfer to food and its interruption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2759– 2763. Birmpa A, Sfika V and Vantarakis A, 2013. Ultraviolet light and ultrasound as non-thermal treatments for the inactivation of microorganisms in fresh ready-to-eat foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167, 96– 102. Bohaychuk VM, Bradbury RW, Dimock R, Fehr M, Gensler GE, King RK, Rieve R and Romero Barrios P, 2009. A microbiological survey of selected Alberta-grown fresh produce from farmers' markets in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 415– 420. Borchardt MA, Spencer SK, Kieke BA, Lambertini E and Loge FJ, 2012. Viruses in nondisinfected drinking water from municipal wells and community incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1272– 1279. Brown JW, online. Hydroponic and Organic Plant Production Systems. Accessed on 12 May 2014. Available at: www.cropking.com/articlehopps. Bryan FL, 1977. Diseases transmitted by foods contaminated by wastewater. Journal of Food Protection, 40, 45– 56. Butot S, Putallaz T, Amoroso R and Sanchez G, 2009. Inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. Appl Environ Microbiol, 75, 4155– 4161. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 1969. General principles of food hygiene. CAC/RCP 1-1969. Adopted 1969. Revision 2003. 31 pp. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2003. Code of hygenic practice for fresh fruits and vegetables. CAC/RCP 53-2003. Adopted 2003. Revision 2010 (new Annex III on Fresh Leafy Vegetables). 28 pp. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2012. Guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of viruses in food. CAC/GL 79-2012. Available at: www.codexalimentarius.org/input/download/standards/13215/CXG_079e.pdf Calder L, Simmons G, Thornley C, Taylor P, Pritchard K, Greening G and Bishop J, 2003. An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries. Epidemiology and Infection, 131, 745– 751. Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I and Sarkinas A, 2009. Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity. Medicina (Kaunas), 45, 992– 999. Chambre d'Agriculture de Corrèze, 2007. Meeker plein sol sous abri: Consignes de cultures framboisier plein sol. 4 pp. Available online: lot-et-garonne.chambagri.fr/fileadmin/telechargement/Productions_vegetales/framboises/fiche-technique-itineraire-framboise-sol.pdf Chambre d'Agriculture de Lorraine, 2005. Framboises. Référentiel Diversification: "Framboises". 6 pp. Available at: www.cra-lorraine.fr/fichiers/div-framboises.pdf Chambre d'Agriculture Dordogne, 2013. Fraises remontantes hors sol. Assurer un revenu. Itinéraires techniques, 26– 28. Chambre d'Agriculture du Lot et Garonne, 2007. Trayplants Gariguette SOL. Available at:lot-et-garonne.chambagri.fr/fileadmin/telechargement/Productions_vegetales/fraises/Trayplants_Gariguette_sol.pdf Chambre d'Agriculture Languedoc Roussillon, 2012. Le framboisier, éléments techniques et économiques pour les zones de montagnes sèches du Languedoc Roussillon. Suamme Avril 2012. Available at: www.languedocroussillon.chambagri.fr/fileadmin/Pub/CRALR/Internet_CRALR/OIER/Fiches_technico_%C3%A9conomiques_PV/FRUITS/fiche_technico_economique_framboisier.pdf Chemonics International Inc, 2006. Guide technique pour la production de la framboise et de la mure au Maroc. Contrat No. 608-M-00-05-00043-01 soumis à Mission USAID/Maroc Agence Américaine pour le développement International. Novembre 2006. 56 pp. Cheong S, Lee C, Song SW, Choi WC, Lee CH and Kim SJ, 2009. Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South Korea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 7745– 7751. Commission Staff Working Document 2006. Commission Staff Working Document Annex to the Report from the Commission and the European Parliament on the situation of the sector of soft fruits and cherries intended for processing COM(2006) 345 final. Available at: ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/reports/fruitveg/softfruit/workdoc_en.pdf Cook KA, Dobbs TE, Hlady G, Wells JG, Barrett TJ, Puhr ND, Lancette GA, Bodager DW, Toth BL, Genese CA, Highsmith AK, Pilot KE, Finelli L and Swerdlow DL, 1998. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype hartford infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice. JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1504– 1509. Deboosere N, Pinon A, Caudrelier Y, Delobel A, Merle G, Perelle S, Temmam S, Loutreul J, Morin T, Estienney M, Belliot G, Pothier P, Gantzer C and Vialette M, 2012. Adhesion of human pathogenic enteric viruses and surrogate viruses to inert and vegetal food surfaces. Food Microbiol, 32, 48– 56. Dennis C, 1976. The microflora of the surface of soft fruits. In: Microbiology of Aerial Plant Surfaces. Eds CH Dickinson and TF Preece, Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., London, 419– 432. Djurkovic M, 2012. SWOT analysis of Serbia's raspberry sector in the competitive marketplace. Master Thesis. Department of Economics and Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 130 pp. Available at: brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/187406/Djurkovic%20Marina%202012.pdf?sequence=1 Domoto P, Gleason M and Lewis D, 2008. Production guide for commercial strawberries. Iowa Commercial Fruit Production, Iowa State University, PM 672d Reviewed September 2008, 9 pp. Duan J and Zhao Y, 2009. Antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil and freeze-thaw treatments against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis in strawberry juice. Journal of Food Science, 74, M131– M137. DVFA (Danish Veterinary and Food Administration), 2012. Bekendtgørelse om ændring af bekendtgørelse om fødevarehygiejne. (Varmebehandling af frosne hindbær). Available at: www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=143397 DVFA (Danish Veterinary and Food Administration), 2014. Frosne bær. Available at: www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/Leksikon/Sider/Frosne-bær.aspx ECDC and EFSA (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European Food Safety Authority), 2014. Outbreak of hepatitis A in EU/EEA countries - Second update. EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-581, 14 pp. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the request from the Commission related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs. The EFSA Journal 2005, 173, 1– 115. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on microbiological criteria and targets based on risk analysis. The EFSA Journal 2007, 462, 1– 29. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2014. Technical hearing with experts operating within the commercial cultivation and trade in strawberry and raspberry in the EU to assist evaluation of the risk of certain organism listed in Annex II, Part A, Section II of Council Directive 2000/29/EC. EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-546, 93 pp. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2014. Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in leafy greens eaten raw as salads). EFSA Journal, 2014; 12(3):3600, 118 pp. doi:110.2903/j.efsa.2014.3600 EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2011a. Opinion on the efficacy and microbiological safety of irradiation of food. EFSA Journal, 2011; 9(4):2103, 88 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2103 EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2011b. Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA Journal, 2011; 9(7):2190, 101 pp. doi:110.2903/j.efsa.2011.2190 EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2011c. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA Journal, 2011; 9(11):2424, 101 pp. doi:110.2903/j.efsa.2011.2424 EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2012. Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options. EFSA Journal, 2012; 10(1):2500, 39 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2500 EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 1 (outbreak data analysis and risk ranking of food/pathogen combinations). EFSA Journal 2013; 11(1):3025, 138 pp. doi:110.2903/j.efsa.2013.3025 Efstratiou MA, Mavridou A and Richardson C, 2009. Prediction of Salmonella in seawater by total and faecal coliforms and Enterococci. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 201– 205. Enache E and Chen Y, 2007. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes in cranberry juice concentrates at different oBrix levels. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2072– 2077. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Committee on Agriculture), 2003. Development of a framework for Good Agricultural Practices, Seventh session, COAG/2003/6, Available online: www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/006/y8704e.htm FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2005. Freezing of fruits and vegetables. An agribusiness alternative for rural and semirural areas. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 158, 76 pp. Ferguson AS, Layton AC, Mailloux BJ, Culligan PJ, Williams DE, Smartt AE, Sayler GS, Feighery J, McKay LD, Knappett PSK, Alexandrova E, Arbit T, Emch M, Escamilla V, Ahmed KM, Alam MJ, Streatfield PK, Yunus M and van Geen A, 2012. Comparison of fecal indicators with pathogenic bacteria and rotavirus in groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 431, 314– 322. Fernández A, Noriega E and Thompson A, 2013. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on fresh produce by cold atmospheric gas plasma technology. Food Microbiology, 33, 24– 29. FSAI (Food Safety Authority of Ireland), 2013. Berries – Hepatitis A Virus linked to Imported Frozen Berries. Last reviewed: 8/11/2013. Available at: www.fsai.ie/faqs/berries_hepatitis_a.html Gil MI, Selma MV, Suslow T, Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M and Allende A, 2013. Pre- and post-harvest preventive measures and intervention strategies to control microbial food safety hazards of fresh leafy vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, In Press. Gillesberg Lassen S, Soborg B, Midgley SE, Steens A, Vold L, Stene-Johansen K, Rimhanen-Finne R, Kontio M, Löfdahl M, Sundqvist L, Edelstein M, Jensen T, Vestergaard HT, Fischer TK, Mølbak K and Ethelberg S, 2013. Ongoing multi-strain food-borne hepatitis A outbreak with frozen berries as suspected vehicle: four Nordic countries affected, October 2012 to April 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18, 25 April 2013. Available online: www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20467 Herwaldt BL and Ackers ML, 1997. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 1548– 1556. Huang YX, Ye M and Chen HQ, 2013. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in strawberry puree by high hydrostatic pressure with/without subsequent frozen storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 160, 337– 343. Hundesa A, Maluquer de Motes C, Bofill-Mas S, Albinana-Gimenez N and Girones R, 2006. Identification of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses for determination of sources of fecal contamination in the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7886– 7893. Hung YC, Tilly P and Kim C, 2010. Efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water and chlorinated water for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries and broccoli. Journal of Food Quality, 33, 559– 577. ISO, online. ISO deliverables. ISO/TS Technical Specification. Accessed on 12 May 2014. Available at: www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/deliverables-all.htm?type=es James J, 2006. Chapter 1. Overview of microbial hazards in fresh fruit and vegetables operations. In: Microbial Hazards Identification in Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. Ed J James, Wiley and Sons, 1– 36 pp. Jay JM, 2004. Modern Food Microbiology. Seventh edition. Kluwer Academic, New York, 790 pp pp. Jiang X and Shepherd M, 2009. Chapter 8. The Role of Manure and Compost in Produce Safety. In: Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce. Eds X Fan, BA Niemira, CJ HDoona, FE Feeherry and RB FGravani, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, U.K., 143– 166. Johannessen GS, Loncarevic S and Kruse H, 2002. Bacteriological analysis of fresh produce in Norway. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 77, 199– 204. Knight A, Li D, Uyttendaele M and Jaykus LA, 2013. A critical review of methods for detecting human noroviruses and predicting their infectivity. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 39, 295– 309. Knudsen DM, Yamamoto SA and Harris LJ, 2001. Survival of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on fresh and frozen strawberries. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 1483– 1488. Kylli P, Nohynek L, Puupponen-Pimia R, Westerlund-Wikstrom B, Leppanen T, Welling J, Moilanen E and Heinonen M, 2011. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and European cranberry (Vaccinium microcarpon) proanthocyanidins: isolation, identification, and bioactivities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 3373– 3384. Laidler MR, Tourdjman M, Buser GL, Hostetler T, Repp KK, Leman R, Samadpour M and Keene WE, 2013. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of locally grown strawberries contaminated by deer. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57, 1129– 1134. Le Guyader FS, Mittelholzer C, Haugarreau L, Hedlund KO, Alsterlund R, Pommepuy M and Svensson L, 2004. Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97, 179– 186. Lees D, 2000. Viruses and bivalve shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59, 81– 116. Li C and Kader AA, 1989. Residual effects of controlled atmospheres on postharvest physiology and quality of strawberries. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 114, 629– 634. Li X, Chen H and Kingsley DH, 2013. The influence of temperature, pH, and water immersion on the high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of GI.1 and GII.4 human noroviruses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167, 138– 143. Lukasik J, Bradley ML, Scott TM, Dea M, Koo A, Hsu WY, Bartz JA and Farrah SR, 2003. Reduction of poliovirus 1, bacteriophages, Salmonella Montevideo, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries by physical and disinfectant washes. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 188– 193. Lund BM and Snowdon AL, 2000. Fresh and processed fruits. In: The microbiological safety and quality of food. Eds BM Lund, TC Baird-Parker and GW Gould, Aspen Publishers, Inc., Gaithersburg, 738– 758. Mäde D, Trübner K, Neubert E, Höhne M and Johne R, 2013. Detection and typing of norovirus from frozen strawberries involved in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak in Germany. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 162– 168. Magariños HL, Sahr C, Selaive SD, Costa ME, Figuerola FE and Pizarro OA, 2008. In vitro inhibitory effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpom Ait.) juice on pathogenic microorganisms. Prikladnaia Biokhimiia i Mikrobiologiia, 44, 333– 336. Maunula L, Kaupke A, Vasickova P, Soderberg K, Kozyra I, Lazic S, van der Poel WH, Bouwknegt M, Rutjes S, Willems KA, Moloney R, D'Agostino M, de Roda Husman AM, von Bonsdorff CH, Rzezutka A, Pavlik I, Petrovic T and Cook N, 2013. Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167, 177– 185. Maunula L, Roivainen M, Keranen M, Makela S, Soderberg K, Summa M, von Bonsdorff CH, Lappalainen M, Korhonen T, Kuusi M and Niskanen T, 2009a. Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Euro Surveill, 14. Maunula L, Roivainen M, Keranen M, Makela S, Soderberg K, Summa M, von Bonsdorff CH, Lappalainen M, Korhonen T, Kuusi M and Niskanen T, 2009b. Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Euro Surveillance, 14. Miconnet N, Cornu M, Beaufort A, Rosso L and Denis JB, 2005. Uncertainty distribution associated with estimating a proportion in microbial risk assessment. Risk Analysis, 25, 39– 48. Mitcham EJ, Crisosto CH and Kader AA, 2004. Strawberry. In: The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Crops. Updated May 5, 2004. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. Eds KC Gross, CY Wang and M Saltveit, U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Available at: www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/contents.html Mitcham EJ, Crisosto CH and Kader AA, 2007. Bushberries: blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, raspberry. Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Davis, Calif.: Dept. of Pomology, Univ. of California. Available at: postharvest.ucdavis.edu Mukherjee A, Speh D, Dyck E and Diez-Gonzalez F, 2004. Preharvest evaluation of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in organic and conventional produce grown by Minnesota farmers. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 894– 900. Mukherjee A, Speh D, Jones AT, Buesing KM and Diez-Gonzalez F, 2006. Longitudinal microbiological survey of fresh produce grown by farmers in the upper midwest. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 1928– 1936. Nenonen NP, Hannoun C, Horal P, Hernroth B and Bergstrom T, 2008. Tracing of norovirus outbreak strains in mussels collected near sewage effluents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 2544– 2549. Nguyen-The C, 2012. Biological hazards in processed fruits and vegetables. Risk factors and impact of processing techniques. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 49, 172– 177. Nogueira MC, Oyarzábal OA and Gombas DE, 2003. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella in cranberry, lemon, and lime juice concentrates. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 1637– 1641. Nordic Outbreak Investigation Team, 2013. Joint analysis by the Nordic countries of a hepatitis A outbreak, October 2012 to June 2013: frozen strawberries suspected. Eurosurveillance, 18, pii= 20520. Pangloli P and Hung YC, 2013. Reducing microbiological safety risk on blueberries through innovative washing technologies. Food Control, 32, 621– 625. Papadopoulos AP, 1991. Growing greenhouse tomatoes in soil and soilless media. Agriculture Canada Publication 1865/E. Communications Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 1991. 79 pp. Park YJ, Biswas R, Phillips RD and Chen J, 2011. Antibacterial activities of blueberry and muscadine phenolic extracts. Journal of Food Science, 76, M101– 105. Popa I, Hanson EJ, Todd EC, Schilder AC and Ryser ET, 2007. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas sachets for enhancing the microbiological quality and safety of blueberries. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2084– 2088. Pruthi JS, 1999. Quick Freezing Preservation of Foods. Volume II. Foods of Plant Origin. Allied Publishers, Mumbai, India. ISBN 81-7023-963-X, 543 pp. Puupponen-Pimiä R, Nohynek L, Hartmann-Schmidlin S, Kähkönen M, Heinonen M, Määttä-Riihinen K and Oksman-Caldentey KM, 2005. Berry phenolics selectively inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens. Journal of Applied Micrrobiology, 98, 991– 1000. Puupponen-Pimiä R, Nohynek L, Meier C, Kähkönen M, Heinonen M, Hopia A and Oksman-Caldentey KM, 2001. Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 90, 494– 507. Raiden RM, Sumner SS, Eifert JD and Pierson MD, 2003. Efficacy of detergents in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surface of fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2210– 2215. Richards GP, 2012. Critical review of norovirus surrogates in food safety research: rationale for considering volunteer studies. Food and Environmental Virology, 4, 6– 13. Richards GP, Watson MA, Meade GK, Hovan GL and Kingsley DH, 2012. Resilience of norovirus GII.4 to freezing and thawing: implications for virus infectivity. Food and Environmental Virology, 4, 192– 197. Rizzo C, Alfonsi V, Bruni R, Busani L, Ciccaglione AR, De Medici D, Di Pasquale S, Equestre M, Escher M, Montaño-Remacha MC, Scavia G, Taffon S, Carraro V, Franchini S, Natter B, Augschiller M, Tosti ME and the Central Task Force on Hepatitis A, 2013. Ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A in Italy: preliminary report as of 31 May 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18, 4 July 2013. Available online: www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20518 Rodriguez-Lazaro D, Cook N, Ruggeri FM, Sellwood J, Nasser A, Nascimento MS, D'Agostino M, Santos R, Saiz JC, Rzezutka A, Bosch A, Girones R, Carducci A, Muscillo M, Kovac K, Diez-Valcarce M, Vantarakis A, von Bonsdorff CH, de Roda Husman AM, Hernandez M and van der Poel WH, 2012. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36, 786– 814. Ryan T, Wilkinson JM and Cavanagh HM, 2001. Antibacterial activity of raspberry cordial in vitro. Research in Veterinary Science, 71, 155– 159. Rzezutka A and Cook N, 2004. Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 28, 441– 453. Sarvikivi E, Roivainen M, Maunula L, Niskanen T, Korhonen T, Lappalainen M and Kuusi M, 2012. Multiple norovirus outbreaks linked to imported frozen raspberries. Epidemiology and Infection, 140, 260– 267. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1986. Food - Science and Tecniques. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Eighteenth Series). Available at: ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_18.pdf Sharps CP, Kotwal G and Cannon JL, 2012. Human norovirus transfer to stainless steel and small fruits during handling. J Food Prot, 75, 1437– 1446. Shin G-A and Sobsey MD, 2008. Inactivation of norovirus by chlorine disinfection of water. Water Research, 42, 4562– 4568. Siro I, Devlieghere F, Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M and Debevere J, 2006. The microbial safety of strawberry and raspberry fruits packaged in high-oxygen and equilibrium-modified atmospheres compared to air storage. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 41, 93– 103. Sivapalasingam S, Friedman CR, Cohen L and Tauxe RV, 2004. Fresh produce: A growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 2342– 2353. Stals A, Baert L, Jasson V, Van Coillie E and Uyttendaele M, 2011. Screening of fruit products for norovirus and the difficulty of interpreting positive PCR results. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 425– 431. Stals A, Uyttendaele M, Baert L and Van Coillie E, 2013. Norovirus transfer between foods and food contact materials. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 1202– 1209. Suslow TV, Oria MP, Beuchat LR, Garrett EH, Parish ME, Harris LJ, Farber JN and Busta FF, 2003. Production practices as risk factors in microbial food safety of fresh and fresh-cut produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2, Supplement S1, 38– 77. Sy KV, McWatters KH and Beuchat LR, 2005. Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, yeasts, and molds on blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries. Journal of Food Protection, 68, 1165– 1175. Trinetta V, Linton RH and Morgan MT, 2013. The application of high-concentration short-time chlorine dioxide treatment for selected specialty crops including Roma tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), cantaloupes (Cucumis melo ssp. melo var. cantaloupensis) and strawberries (Fragariaxananassa). Food Microbiology, 34, 296– 302. U.S. FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration), 2001. FDA Survey of Imported Fresh Produce FY 1999 Field Assignment. January 30, 2001. Available at: www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/produceplantproducts/ucm118891.htm UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe), 2010. UNECE Standard FFV-57 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of berry fruits - 2010 edition. 7 pp. Vantarakis A, Affifi M, Kokkinos P, Tsibouxi M and Papapetropoulou M, 2011. Occurrence of microorganisms of public health and spoilage significance in fruit juices sold in retail markets in Greece. Anaerobe, 17, 288– 291. Verhaelen K, Bouwknegt M, Carratala A, Lodder-Verschoor F, Diez-Valcarce M, Rodriguez-Lazaro D, de Roda Husman AM and Rutjes SA, 2013a. Virus transfer proportions between gloved fingertips, soft berries, and lettuce, and associated health risks. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 166, 419– 425. Verhaelen K, Bouwknegt M, Rutjes SA and de Roda Husman AM, 2013b. Persistence of human norovirus in reconstituted pesticides - pesticide application as a possible source of viruses in fresh produce chains. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 160, 323– 328. Wang Q, Erickson M, Ortega YR and Cannon JL, 2013. The fate of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus during preparation of fresh produce by cutting and grating. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 52– 60. Wilkes G, Edge T, Gannon V, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Medeiros D, Neumann N, Ruecker N, Topp E and Lapen DR, 2009. Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Research, 43, 2209– 2223. Wu VC and Kim B, 2007. Effect of a simple chlorine dioxide method for controlling five foodborne pathogens, yeasts and molds on blueberries. Food Microbiology, 24, 794– 800. Wyn-Jones AP, Carducci A, Cook N, D'Agostino M, Divizia M, Fleischer J, Gantzer C, Gawler A, Girones R, Holler C, de Roda Husman AM, Kay D, Kozyra I, Lopez-Pila J, Muscillo M, Nascimento MS, Papageorgiou G, Rutjes S, Sellwood J, Szewzyk R and Wyer M, 2011. Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters. Water Research, 45, 1025– 1038. Yoon Y, Kim K, Nam M, Shim WB, Ryu JG, Kim DH, You OJ and Chung DH, 2010. Microbiological assessment in strawberry production and recommendations to establish a Good Agricultural Practice system. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7, 1511– 1519. Yuk HG, Bartz JA and Schneider KR, 2006. The effectiveness of sanitizer treatments in inactivation of Salmonella spp. from bell pepper, cucumber, and strawberry. Journal of Food Science, 71, M95– M99. Citing Literature Volume12, Issue6June 20143706 ReferencesRelatedInformation