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Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis

2017; Public Library of Science; Volume: 14; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1371/journal.pmed.1002383

1549-1676

Eleanor Wheeler, Aaron Leong, Yongmei Liu, Marie‐France Hivert, Rona J. Strawbridge, Clara Podmore, Man Li, Jie Yao, Xueling Sim, Jaeyoung Hong, Audrey Y. Chu, Weihua Zhang, Xu Wang, Peng Chen, Nisa M. Maruthur, Bianca Porneala, Stephen J. Sharp, Yucheng Jia, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Li-Ching Chang, Wei‐Min Chen, Cathy E. Elks, Daniel S. Evans, Qiao Fan, Franco Giulianini, Min Jin Go, Jouke‐Jan Hottenga, Yao Hu, Anne Jackson, Stavroula Kanoni, Young Jin Kim, Marcus E. Kleber, Claes Ladenvall, Cécile Lecœur, Sing-Hui Lim, Yingchang Lu, Anubha Mahajan, Carola Marzi, Mike A. Nalls, Pau Navarro, Ilja M. Nolte, Lynda M. Rose, Denis Rybin, Serena Sanna, Yuan Shi, Daniel O. Stram, Fumihiko Takeuchi, Shu Pei Tan, Peter J. van der Most, Jana V. van Vliet‐Ostaptchouk, Andrew Wong, Loïc Yengo, Wanting Zhao, Anuj Goel, Maria Teresa Martínez Larrad, Dörte Radke, Perttu Salo, Toshiko Tanaka, Erik P.A. van Iperen, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Saima Afaq, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Alain G. Bertoni, Amélie Bonnefond, Yvonne Böttcher, Erwin P. Böttinger, Harry Campbell, Olga D. Carlson, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Yoon Shin Cho, W. Timothy Garvey, Christian Gieger, Mark O. Goodarzi, Harald Grallert, Anders Hamsten, Catharina A. Hartman, Christian Herder, Chao A. Hsiung, Jie Huang, Michiya Igase, Masato Isono, Tomohiro Katsuya, Chiea Chuen Khor, Wieland Kieß, Katsuhiko Kohara, Péter Kovács, Juyoung Lee, Wen‐Jane Lee, Benjamin Lehne, Huaixing Li, Jianjun Liu, Stéphane Lobbens, Jian’an Luan, Valeriya Lyssenko, Thomas Meitinger, Tetsuro Miki, Iva Miljkovic, Sanghoon Moon, Antonella Mulas, Gabriele Müller, Martina Müller‐Nurasyid, Ramaiah Nagaraja, Matthias Nauck, James S. Pankow, Ozren Polašek, Inga Prokopenko, Paula S. Ramos, Laura J. Rasmussen‐Torvik, Wolfgang Rathmann, Stephen S. Rich, Neil R. Robertson, Michael Roden, Ronan Roussel, Igor Rudan, Robert A. Scott, William R. Scott, Bengt Sennblad, David S. Siscovick, Konstantin Strauch, Liang Sun, Morris A. Swertz, Salman M. Tajuddin, Kent D. Taylor, Yik‐Ying Teo, Yih‐Chung Tham, Anke Tönjes, Nicholas J. Wareham, Gonneke Willemsen, Tom Wilsgaard, Aroon D. Hingorani, Josephine Egan, Luigi Ferrucci, G. Kees Hovingh, Antti Jula, Mika Kivimäki, Meena Kumari, Inger Njølstad, Nicholette D. Palmer, Manuel Serrano‐Ríos, Michael Stümvoll, Hugh Watkins, Tin Aung, Matthias Blüher, Michael Boehnke, Dorret I. Boomsma, Stefan R. Bornstein, John C. Chambers, Daniel I. Chasman, Yii‐Der Ida Chen, Yduan-Tsong Chen, Ching‐Yu Cheng, Francesco Cucca, Eco J. C. de Geus, Panos Deloukas, Michele K. Evans, Myriam Fornage, Yechiel Friedlander, Philippe Froguel, Leif Groop, Myron D. Gross, Tamara B. Harris, Caroline Hayward, Chew‐Kiat Heng, Erik Ingelsson, Norihiro Kato, Bong-Jo Kim, Woon-Puay Koh, Jaspal S. Kooner, Antje Körner, Diana Kuh, Johanna Kuusisto, Markku Laakso, Lin Xu, Yongmei Liu, Ruth J. F. Loos, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Winfried März, Mark I. McCarthy, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Ken K. Ong, Nancy L. Pedersen, Mark A. Pereira, Annette Peters, Paul M. Ridker, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Michèle M. Sale, Danish Saleheen, Juha Saltevo, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Wayne H.-H. Sheu, Harold Snieder, Timothy D. Spector, Yasuharu Tabara, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Rob M. van Dam, James G. Wilson, James F. Wilson, Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel, Tien Yin Wong, Jer‐Yuarn Wu, Jian‐Min Yuan, Alan B. Zonderman, Nicole Soranzo, Xiuqing Guo, David J. Roberts, José C. Florez, Robert Sladek, Josée Dupuis, Andrew P. Morris, E Shyong Tai, Elizabeth Selvin, Jerome I. Rotter, Claudia Langenberg, Inês Barroso, James B. Meigs,

Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Background Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to diagnose type 2 diabetes (T2D) and assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 18 HbA1c-associated genetic variants. These variants proved to be classifiable by their likely biological action as erythrocytic (also associated with erythrocyte traits) or glycemic (associated with other glucose-related traits). In this study, we tested the hypotheses that, in a very large scale GWAS, we would identify more genetic variants associated with HbA1c and that HbA1c variants implicated in erythrocytic biology would affect the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. We therefore expanded the number of HbA1c-associated loci and tested the effect of genetic risk-scores comprised of erythrocytic or glycemic variants on incident diabetes prediction and on prevalent diabetes screening performance. Throughout this multiancestry study, we kept a focus on interancestry differences in HbA1c genetics performance that might influence race-ancestry differences in health outcomes. Methods & findings Using genome-wide association meta-analyses in up to 159,940 individuals from 82 cohorts of European, African, East Asian, and South Asian ancestry, we identified 60 common genetic variants associated with HbA1c. We classified variants as implicated in glycemic, erythrocytic, or unclassified biology and tested whether additive genetic scores of erythrocytic variants (GS-E) or glycemic variants (GS-G) were associated with higher T2D incidence in multiethnic longitudinal cohorts (N = 33,241). Nineteen glycemic and 22 erythrocytic variants were associated with HbA1c at genome-wide significance. GS-G was associated with higher T2D risk (incidence OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06, per HbA1c-raising allele, p = 3 × 10−29); whereas GS-E was not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.01, p = 0.60). In Europeans and Asians, erythrocytic variants in aggregate had only modest effects on the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. Yet, in African Americans, the X-linked G6PD G202A variant (T-allele frequency 11%) was associated with an absolute decrease in HbA1c of 0.81%-units (95% CI 0.66–0.96) per allele in hemizygous men, and 0.68%-units (95% CI 0.38–0.97) in homozygous women. The G6PD variant may cause approximately 2% (N = 0.65 million, 95% CI 0.55–0.74) of African American adults with T2D to remain undiagnosed when screened with HbA1c. Limitations include the smaller sample sizes for non-European ancestries and the inability to classify approximately one-third of the variants. Further studies in large multiethnic cohorts with HbA1c, glycemic, and erythrocytic traits are required to better determine the biological action of the unclassified variants. Conclusions As G6PD deficiency can be clinically silent until illness strikes, we recommend investigation of the possible benefits of screening for the G6PD genotype along with using HbA1c to diagnose T2D in populations of African ancestry or groups where G6PD deficiency is common. Screening with direct glucose measurements, or genetically-informed HbA1c diagnostic thresholds in people with G6PD deficiency, may be required to avoid missed or delayed diagnoses.