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On the philosophical foundations of medical ethics: Aristotle, Kant, JS Mill and Rawls

2017; Elsevier BV; Volume: 3; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Francês

10.1016/j.jemep.2017.09.009

2352-5533

Raphael Cohen‐Almagor,

Torture, Ethics, and Law

This article aims to trace back some of the theoretical foundations of medical ethics that stem from the philosophies of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. The four philosophers had in mind rational and autonomous human beings who are able to decide their destiny, who pave for themselves the path for their own happiness. It is argued that their philosophies have influenced the field of medical ethics as they crafted some very important principles of the field. I discuss the concept of autonomy according to Kant and JS Mill, Kant's concepts of dignity, benevolence and beneficence, Mill's Harm Principle (nonmaleficence), the concept of justice according to Aristotle, Mill and Rawls, and Aristotle's concept of responsibility. Cet article cherche à établir certaines fondations théoriques de l'éthique médicale, fondations qui remontent aux philosophies d'Aristote, d'Emmanuel Kant, de John Stuart Mill et de John Rawls. Ces quatre philosophes pensaient que les êtres humains autonomes et rationnels pouvaient choisir leur destiné, et paver eux-mêmes le chemin de leur bonheur. Il est dit que leurs philosophies ont influencé le domaine de l'éthique médicale car ils ont établi certains principes très importants dans ce domaine. Je discute le principe d'autonomie selon Kant et JS Mill, les concepts de dignité, de bienfaisance et de bienfait de Kant, le principe du mal de Mill (non-malfaisance), le concept de justice d'Aristote, Mill et Rawls, et le concept de responsabilité d'Aristote.