Selected mosquito-borne illnesses—Chikungunya
2018; Elsevier BV; Volume: 64; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.01.009
ISSN1557-8194
Autores Tópico(s)Vector-borne infectious diseases
ResumoBackgroundIn the last several years another mosquito-borne pathogen-Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has evolved into a significant public health threat, from a relatively unknown and geographically isolated pathogen.2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] By December 2013 the first local transmission of Chikungunya virus was reported in the Western Hemisphere; likely first with autochthonous cases in St. Martin. 9,10As of 08/08/14 over 500,000 suspected/laboratory confirmed cases have been reported in the Americas.Local transmission has been reported extensively throughout the Americas, including the United States and US territories in the Caribbean.As the vector is highly adaptable to a variety of geographic regions, further spread is to be expected, especially as the CDC cautions there is a risk the virus will be imported to new areas by infected travelers. 8hikungunya virus (CHIKV), the causative agent for Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a singlestranded RNA virus, member of the genus Alphavirus, and family Togaviridae.2,4,6,10,11,13 Its name is derived from the Kimakonde language and means "to become contorted" 7 as patients often experience severe arthralgias.Other translations, from a dialect found in the Madoke language of Tanzania, means "the one bowing.3 " CHIKV was initially isolated over 60 years during an epidemic in Tanzania; interestingly the illnesses were first thought to be Dengue.That notwithstanding, the actual timeline of CHIKV may go back into the 18th century.Typically infection resulted from enzootic and local outbreaks in Africa, and Asia, but the epidemiology has changed as a result of demographic shifts, overcrowding, travel, and the ability of vectors to adapt. 14,15 Large-scle epidemics affecting millions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Pacific regions have occurred, such that more than 45 countries, including ones in the Americas are at risk from CHIKF.Not surprisingly the risk of CHIKV can both influence and be influenced by tourism and travel.16 It is a mosquito-borne disease transmitted to humans by the ubiquitous Aedes mosquitoes, including A aegypti (Fig. 1) and A albopictus. 1,6,9,17,18 In Africa other mosquitoes may be involved in disease transmission, such as A. furcifer-taylori, and A. luteocephalus.Because of a mutation in an African lineage of CHIKV, it became adaptable to A. albopictus, increasing the spread and geographic
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