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Many Shades of Grey in Botrytis–Host Plant Interactions

2018; Elsevier BV; Volume: 23; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.016

1878-4372

Javier Veloso, J.A.L. van Kan,

Garlic and Onion Studies

Balances between autophagic and apoptotic programmed cell death pathways in plants are important for their interaction with necrotrophic fungi. Botrytis has a short biotrophic phase in which autophagy is suppressed before the induction of apoptotic cell death that marks the onset of necrotic disease development. During infection Botrytis produces small RNAs (sRNAs) that can be translocated into the host plant and downregulate transcripts of defence genes to mediate disease development. The sRNA repertoires of fungus and plant act as indiscriminate 'cluster bombs'. The timing of production, concentration, and silencing potential of sRNAs are determinants of success in the early interaction. Normally aggressive strains of Botrytis are capable of asymptomatic colonisation of plants. The grey mould Botrytis cinerea causes disease in more than 1000 plant species, including important crops. The interaction between Botrytis and its (potential) hosts is determined by quantitative susceptibility and virulence traits in both interacting partners, resulting in a greyscale of disease outcomes. Fungal infection was long thought to rely mainly on its capacity to kill the host plant and degrade plant tissue. Recent research has revealed that Botrytis exploits two crucial biological processes in host plants for its own success. We highlight recent findings that illustrate that the interactions between Botrytis and its host plants are subtle and we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the many shades of grey during these interactions. The grey mould Botrytis cinerea causes disease in more than 1000 plant species, including important crops. The interaction between Botrytis and its (potential) hosts is determined by quantitative susceptibility and virulence traits in both interacting partners, resulting in a greyscale of disease outcomes. Fungal infection was long thought to rely mainly on its capacity to kill the host plant and degrade plant tissue. Recent research has revealed that Botrytis exploits two crucial biological processes in host plants for its own success. We highlight recent findings that illustrate that the interactions between Botrytis and its host plants are subtle and we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the many shades of grey during these interactions. a process that leads to cell death following predefined steps − detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall preserving its integrity, nuclear compaction and fragmentation, chromatin condensation, de novo protein synthesis, and activation of metacaspases. Apoptosis ('self-killing') is a process triggered during normal development or induced by pathogens during plant–microbe interactions. a process by which self-components are recycled to reuse the basic elements (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipids, etc.). This process occurs when faulty components are produced, like misfolded proteins. Mechanisms that enable autophagy to measure the amount of damage allow the plant cell to 'decide' whether repair is possible or whether the whole cell should be recycled through the initiation of PCD. Autophagy ('self-eating') is a process triggered during normal development or by interaction with pathogens. pathogens that derive nutrients from living host tissues. Biotrophs do not cause direct damage of the host tissue but are detrimental for the plant by reducing the nutrients available for host cells. Many biotrophs produce specialised infection structures (i.e., haustoria) to exchange compounds with the host. gene silencing caused by foreign sRNA produced by a second organism from a different kingdom in the tree of life. The process requires transport of sRNAs from one organism to the other. microorganism that spends all or part of its life cycle inside a plant and produces no harm. The term does not differentiate between microorganisms living in the lumen of the tissue, in the apoplast, or inside the plant cell. pathogens that in early stages of infection behave as biotrophs and subsequently change their behaviour to necrotrophic. pathogens that obtain nutrients from dead or dying cells. Necrotrophs produce an array of lytic/degrading enzymes that attack, damage, and/or destroy the host tissue. The product of the tissue degradation is the substrate from which the pathogen feeds.