Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Ultrathin design and implementation of planar and conformal polarisation rotating frequency selective surface based on SIW technology

2018; Institution of Engineering and Technology; Volume: 12; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1049/iet-map.2017.0996

1751-8733

V. Krushna Kanth, S. Raghavan,

Antenna Design and Analysis

IET Microwaves, Antennas & PropagationVolume 12, Issue 12 p. 1939-1947 Research ArticleFree Access Ultrathin design and implementation of planar and conformal polarisation rotating frequency selective surface based on SIW technology Krushna Kanth Varikuntla, Corresponding Author Krushna Kanth Varikuntla krushnakanthv@gmail.com Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorRaghavan Singaravelu, Raghavan Singaravelu Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Krushna Kanth Varikuntla, Corresponding Author Krushna Kanth Varikuntla krushnakanthv@gmail.com Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorRaghavan Singaravelu, Raghavan Singaravelu Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 June 2018 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0996Citations: 14AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The design of novel ultra-thin polarisation rotating frequency selective surface based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology has been presented. The primary function of the structure is to select the linear polarisation from the impinging electromagnetic wave on it and to rotate the wave into the 90° counter-clockwise direction in the given frequency band. The proposed array consists of periodic Y-shaped slot elements surrounded by SIW cavities. The structure shows a relative bandwidth of 8% with impedance matching better than −10 dB and a very good insertion loss of 0.3 dB. It also offers co-polarisation below −20 dB in the passband. The proposed structure is very thin (0.055λ0) compared to the existing SIW-based frequency selective polarising rotators. Also, the conformal analysis of the proposed structure has been carried to study its behaviour for real-time applications when used on curved surfaces. Finally, to prove the efficacy of proposed structure, a prototype has fabricated and measured its performance. A very good agreement is observed between the experimental and simulated results. 1 Introduction Frequency selective surface (FSS), as the name itself, specifies the selective frequency filtering action of the surfaces. They comprise an array of periodic elements on either substrate slots (passband) or patches (stopband) based on specific application. Since from last four decades, FSS shows its potential applications in the field of microwave and millimetre-wave applications such as spatial filters [[1]], ground plane to the antenna [[2]], radomes [[3]] etc. for selected frequency bands. However, the application associated with this 2D planar arrays is limited and suffers from the unstable response at a higher angle of incidence and frequencies. Also, these 2D structures are losing their basic performance characteristics at high-power levels [[4], [5]]. The breakdown in the structure occurred due to heat, induced voltage (V) and currents (I) along the conducting path. These are the unavoidable effects in a conventional FSS. Increasing the gap between elements and also the thickness of element reduce the field effects. However, this method may withstand up to normal air pressure (30 kV/cm). The real challenge begins when FSS being used for the airborne application. Also, increasing of the substrate thickness is no longer recommended for airborne application, since it will increase the payload. Recently, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique has been developed to design microwave and millimetre wave components and subsystems. SIW structure keeps the advantages of conventional metallic waveguides, such as high Q-factor, high selectivity, cut-off frequency characteristic, high-power capacity with better electromagnetic (EM) performance [[6]–[10]]. Polarisation rotation of incident EM wave is an interesting application of FSS. These structures can be broadly classified into two categories based on the direction of propagating wave as a reflection-type and transmission type. Generally, reflection-type structures are used in reflectarray antennas [[11]–[13]], whereas transmission-type polarisation rotators are used in transmitarray antennas [[14]]. The polarisation rotator surfaces found their applications in filtennas combined with an antenna system in a single module [[15]]. These type of structures found their wide applications in polarimetric imaging radars and radiometers. Many designs have been reported for polarisation rotators using transmission slots [[14], [16]–[20]]. Multi-layered FSS structures are presented for reconfigurable polarisation converters [[21]]. A sharp band at the edges of the passband is another important performance parameter for achieving an ideal response. Many structures have been failed to show this property for polarisation rotators [[11], [14], [17], [22]]. Recently, a polarisation rotating SIW reflective surface with sharp band edges is illustrated [[20]]. Further, FSS and metamaterial-based multilayer structures have been proposed for an ultra-broadband application which is able to exhibit >100% relative BW for linear to circular polarisation rotating and RCS reduction application [[23]–[25]]. Recently, a Ka-band polarisation converter is reported based on multilayer slab [[26]]. However, the element size and thickness of all the earlier reported structures are too high to use for the practical application. The ultrathin, compact structure can significantly reduce the weight of the system, which is most expected design specification for the aerospace application. Recently, an ultra-thin design of polarisation rotator using V-shaped slot FSS has reported meeting the practical applications [[22]]. Nevertheless, as reported earlier that the FSS structures suffer and lose their basic EM performance properties at high-power levels. Hence, it is essential to develop a polarisation rotator to overcome the limitations of FSS/metamaterial (i.e. to withstand high power levels) and SIW-based/multi-layered structures (i.e. high thickness). The structure should offer ideal passband characteristics and ultrathin to meet the real-time practical applications. In this paper, transmission-type polarisation rotating FSS based on SIW technology is proposed. The Y-shaped slots (three legged or tripole) have been used as transmitting FSS which is etched on the top and bottom surface of the dielectric substrate. At the bottom, Y-shaped slots are etched by rotating 90° counter-clockwise direction (or 270°) w.r.t. the element etched on the top surface to design 90° the polarisation rotator. A square SIW cavity is designed to work at the resonant frequency. The cavity structure upholds all the basic properties of FSS element with added advantages of SIW structure. The novelties of the structure lie in its ultrathin design based on SIW technology where many designs have failed to exhibit. Moreover, the proposed structure offers a number of advantages over FSS-based structures in terms of performance. The design is based on a dual-mode configuration, which offers a second-order resonance at a higher frequency, results in low-cost, high-performance structures with broader BW characteristics with added advantages of SIW cavities. Also, a sharp roll-off is obtained at the edges of passband which is not possible with conventional FSS structures. It can sustain the properties of FSS even at higher power levels. In many practical applications such as aforementioned parabolic reflect, transmitarray and radome structures, the FSS surfaces are used in the conformal form. It was believed that the frequency response of both planar and conformal shapes is similar, which is fundamentally a misconception. The response of the structure varies with a change in bending angle. In this regard, a study has been carried out on the conformal shape (cylindrical bent) of the frequency selective polarisation rotator based on SIW for the first time. In addition, the paper includes in detail parametric effects on the resonance performance of the structure, helps in the computationally efficient design and optimisation of FSS based on SIW. Finally, a prototype operating at 11.35 GHz is fabricated using surface machining process to validate the simulation results of the proposed structure. 2 Design of a frequency selective polarisation rotator The primary function of a polarisation rotator FSS is to select the linear polarised EM wave incident on the surface and rotate it into the desired angle based on the requirement. Meanwhile, to provide the filtering of incident wave according to the centre frequency in the given BW. Here, the structure works for rotating the incident wave to 90° counter-clockwise direction to the output port and provides wide passband characteristics. The proposed structural configuration is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Unit cell configurations of the Y-slot FSS (left-top surface, right-bottom surface) It consists of a series SIW cavities aligned periodically (dp) with a finite radius (dv). The non-resonant, conventional Y-shaped slot elements have been chosen for the design. The top structure is two-fold symmetry along the x-axis, whereas the bottom is symmetry along the y-axis. In general, a low dielectric constant substrate increases the BW. Moreover, the thickness of the substrate can affect the relative permittivity as well as the field caused by the slot, therefore affects the bandwidth. Also, a thicker substrate can improve the perturbation inside cavity and increases the BW. Hence, a dielectric substrate Rogers RT 5880 (ɛr = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009) is used with a thickness, h = 1.57 mm. In order to have strong coupling between input waves and the SIW cavity, dominant mode is preferred. The necessary conditions for creating metallic via, i.e. dp/λ0 < 0.35 and dp < 2dv, are maintained for realisation [[27]]. All the simulations were performed using CST microwave studio (CST MWS) with conductor and dielectric losses are taken into consideration. The transmission, reflection parameters are expressed as (1) (2) where , , and correspond to the cross-polarised transmitted wave, cross-polarised incident wave, co-polarised reflected wave and co-polarised incident wave, respectively. 2.1 Design and working of Y-shaped slot The periodic element of the proposed transmitting surface consists of a Y-shaped slot at the centre of the square SIW cavity with periodicity Px = Py = P < λ. The different alignments of structure result in different applications. The possible alignments of the Y-slot structure are shown in Fig. 1. The resonant frequency, fc of the Y-slot, can be given as (3) where C0 is the velocity of light in vacuum, ɛr is the relative dielectric constant of the substrate, and L is the length of tripole leg. The slots and SIW cavity are designed to resonate in the X-band (8–12 GHz) region. The dimensions (diameter and spacing) are finalised based on the expressions given in [[14]]. The legs of the Y-shaped slot are arranged at 120° apart with each other which equally divides one complete cycle. The Y-slot can be employed as a magnetic wall whose length (L) can be determined from (3). A simulation is performed on this preliminary structure by assigning unit cell boundary conditions along x- and y- directions, whereas the open boundary is applied along the z-direction. Thus, Floquet mode analysis has been carried out on the unit cell, which will give the infinite 2D array behaviour of the structure. The response of structure in four different configurations is shown in Fig. 2. From response and unit cell arrangement of the structure, it is clear that the structures are shown in case I and case III are the examples of wideband filters. From the parametric study, it is observed that the structure can be used as either single or dual-band filter by properly tuning the design parameters, whereas case II and case IV used as polarisation rotators which can rotate the incident wave by 90° and −90°, respectively. Fig. 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Simulated performance characteristics of FSS topologies based on SIW technology (a) Transmission, (b) Reflection Due to the twisted alignment, when EM wave incident on the surface, it converts the X-polarised wave into Y-polarised wave. Hence, the co-polarised reflected wave from the surface is termed as rxx = |Erx|/|Eix| and the cross-polarised transmitted wave is expressed as txy = |Ety|/|Eix|, respectively. Notably, the first resonance is due to the effect of top geometry, whereas the second resonant frequency is the combined effect of the structure [[28]]. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the polarisation rotating of 90° anti-clockwise direction. Hence, the structure shown in case IV, with bottom surface contains the inverted Y-slot is studied further. The optimised design parameters of the proposed structure are illustrated in Table 1. A small patch carved at the leg is guiding the wave to pass through the structure with 90° anti-clockwise direction as shown in Fig. 3a with all specifications indicated. Then, the horizontally polarised component of the incident EM field can pass through the front end (input) of Y-slot. Hence, the energy coupled through the slot can excite a field in the SIW cavity. The outgoing wave is coupled through a vertical slot (inverted-Y) at the back side (output) of the structure. Subsequently, a desired −90° rotation of polarisation is achieved from the incident wave. The occurrence of reflection and transmission can be explained by the impedance offered by the structure. The maximum reflection occurs at the points where the real part of the impedance of rxx is very high and maximum transmission peaks can be found at the points where the real part impedance of txy crosses the zero reference line. The phenomena are clearly depicted in Fig. 3b. The impedance curves explain in detail about the occurrence of resonance bands in a structure. Further, the transmission and reflection properties of the structure along with its phase response are shown in Figs. 3c and d for TE and TM operating mode, respectively. Similar performance is observed for both operating modes at the normal incident. From the figure, it is clear that the phase of the structure changes from positive to negative at the points where resonance occurs. It illustrates the behaviour of the structure from 6–20 GHz. It clearly shows the advantage of dual-mode resonance w.r.t. BW and sharp roll-off at the edges of transmission band which is the effect of SIW metallic cavities used in the design. The dual resonance with wideband characteristics at 11.0 and 11.8 GHz is the occurrence of TM110. The structure shows a reflection coefficient better than − 10 dB in x-band region (relative bandwidth of 8%) with a maximum insertion loss better than 0.3 dB in the passband. A second higher order resonance has been observed at 19.3 GHz which is attributed to the TM120 cavity mode. Table 1. Optimised design parameters of proposed polarisation rotator selective surface Design parameter Optimised value, mm P 15 L 5.4 W 1.0 L1 2.4 S 0.2 dp 1.5 dv 0.8 Fig. 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Unit cell configuration (a) Top view (left) and bottom view (right), (b) Impedance of the structure (solid line-real part, dotted line-imaginary part), (c) S-parameters and phase of proposed structure at TE mode (solid line show the S-parameters, dotted line show the phase), (d) S-parameters and phase of proposed structure at TM mode (solid line shows the S-parameters, dotted line show the phase) Apart from −90° polarisation rotation, the proposed structure offers several advantages over the earlier proposed FSS and FSS with SIW-based polarisation rotators. The structure offers an ultra-thin design and compact size which is more suitable for practical application without any further miniaturisation. Also, the FSS structures alter its performance characteristics when used as an infinite surface because of the coupling between the unit cells. In this case, the coupling can be suppressed by the SIW cavities present around the FSS unit cell, which is an added advantage over FSS structure. A sharp roll off at the edges of the passband is another notable advantage which was hardly found in transmission type polarisation rotators proposed in the open literature. In Fig. 4, scattering parameters of the proposed polarisation rotator structure have been compared with that of FSS-based polarisation rotator reported recently [[22]]. The length Y-slot slightly increased (L = 6.0 mm) to make the structure resonate at the centre of X-band. Since the reported structure is designed to operate at 10 GHz. The response clearly shows the occurrence of sharp roll-off at passband. The undesired frequency components can be suppressed using the sharp roll-off, which results in the design of stealth antenna systems and invisible radomes. The detailed simulation results are presented in the parametric analysis in Section 3. Fig. 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Comparison of S-parameters with that of [[22]] 3 EM analysis of proposed rotator The characteristics of the structure are clearly presented in the previous section. The X-polarised wave incident on the structure passes through the structure, and excited in the SIW cavity and pass through the inverted Y-slot. The transmission response shows two zeros at 10.73 and 19.3 GHz, respectively. Meanwhile, three zeros in its reflection response at 11.2, 11.43 and 19.3 GHz, respectively. For better understanding the polarisation rotation mechanism of the structure, the E-fields are plotted at the top (input) and bottom (output) side of the structure. It clearly shows the polarisation rotation with orientations from top to the bottom of the substrate. The bottom plane is situated at z = 0 plane and top plane is located at z = 1.57 the plane. Here, 1.57 corresponds to the height of the substrate. Fig. 5 shows the conversion of the electric field from X-polarised to the Y-polarised wave. The magnetic field distributions can be obtained from the plotted E-fields using the equivalence principle given in [[29]] which is given as (4) where n is the unit vector points outwards from the dielectric volume of the substrate. For the top surface, it is along the z-direction, whereas for the bottom surface, it is along the negative z-direction. The induced electric surface current at the top and bottom surfaces of the structure is shown in Fig. 5. The E-field is equally distributed on the three arms of the structure. Hence, the effects of field components at the three arms can be considered for computing total field. The wave propagates through the slots on the dielectric substrate and further interacts with the orthogonal slot at the bottom side of the structure. Then, the outgoing wave becomes x-polarised. Thus, the incident wave is selectively polarised by −90° while passing through the carve slots of the structure. The total circumference of the Y-slot is nearly λ/2. Hence, the direction of magnetic current has to be continuous throughout the length of the slot. Fig. 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint EM field distribution at the top (left) and bottom (right) surfaces of the Y-slot in SIW cavity, respectively, at 11.5 GHz 3.1 Bandwidth The structure is shown a better than −10 dB bandwidth 8%. However, the BW of the structure can be improved by increasing the spacing between two resonances. It can be achieved by adjusting the design parameters slightly or by using different dimensions of slot elements on either side. Since the parameters are perturbed to the cavity fields caused by the Y-slot. This leads to the change in frequency spacing in the cavity, thus results in improving the BW. The increase in substrate height leads to the increase in effective permittivity of the structure, results in altering its perturbation, thus controls BW. The detailed results can be found from the parametric study in further sections. The structure shows stable performance at higher incidence angle and the same is shown in Fig. 6a. Also, the BW of proposed structure has been studied for the different incident angles for both TE and TM operating modes as shown in Fig. 6b. Fig. 6Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Response of structure at wide angle of incidence (a) Frequency versus incidence angle, (b) Bandwidth, (c) Insertion loss 3.2 Insertion loss The proposed rotator shows a very good insertion loss better than −0.3 dB at a normal incident angle. However, the performance of the structure may degrade as the angle of incidence increases. Fig. 6c shows the insertion loss versus angle of incidence plot for both TE and TM polarisations. From the observations, it is clear that the structure gives −1 dB (90% transmission) insertion loss up to 50° incident angle. Hence, the structure can be operated up to a higher angle of incidence with better performance. 3.3 Parametric analysis In order to demonstrate a general design procedure for implementing an ultra-thin frequency selective polarisation rotator based on SIW technology presented in this paper, the performance analysis is performed based on the parametric study. The simulations performed on the design parameters of the structure gives the knowledge on various design parameters. 3.3.1 Size of the cavity Period or size of the unit cell (SIW cavity) is an important design parameter of a periodic surface which can decide the operating mode and frequency of the cavity. In our case, it is chosen as P = 0.56λ0 which is equivalent to λ0/2. As mentioned earlier, the BW is related to the structural dimensions. As of the convention, the reduction in the frequency band is observed in increasing the cell size. The effect on the resonance characteristics and BW is shown in Fig. 7a. A dual resonance is observed as the value of P increases. It is due to the increase in perturbation of cavity. Moreover, the desired operating modes of the SIW cavity (TMnmp) can be tuned from the cavity size [[14]]. Fig. 7Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Parametric influences of slot FSS element on EM performance w.r.t. frequency (a) Variations in transmission coefficient at varies cell size, (b) Variations in transmission coefficient at varies widths of slot, (c) Variations in transmission coefficient at varies lengths of slot 3.3.2 Slot dimension The second important design parameter of the design is dimensions of Y-slot. The total functionality of the structure depends on it. The input and output energy is coupled through this slot. Hence, the selective nature of the slot can decide the operating frequency of the structure. The length of the slot has been designed to operate at 11.5 GHz is L = 0.2λ0 and width of slot has been chosen as 1 mm which corresponds to S = 0.038λ0. As per FSS theory, the relation between the slot and resonant frequency is inversely proportional. The slot array FSS response is controlled by its design values. However, the width of the slot has a considerably little effect on the resonance response, whereas mainly affects the magnitude of transmission coefficient. The effect on performance with slot width (S) and length (L) SIW-based FSS has been studied by step variations. The detailed illustration has been made in Figs. 7b and c, respectively. The operating frequency band has been shifted to higher frequency region as width of the slot is increased. Meanwhile, a reverse trend has been found with increasing length of the slot. Hence, a better trade-off has to be identified to model the structure to operate at defined frequency band. However, the wideband response can also be achieved using the same structural configuration. 4 Conformal behaviour Many practical EM structures such as aircraft radomes, parabolic sub-reflectors and transmitters are aligned in conformal shape. The performance of an FSS unit cell also depends on the curvature of the surface. It was well known that the EM performance of planar and conformal structures is not same because of the curved surface. The inclination of incident EM wave changes due to the curved surface, also the material parameters of the dielectric substrate changes with increased curvature. However, the application of conformal structures is abundant than planar structures. Hence, it is more desired to analyse the behaviour of FSS structures. In this regard, the EM performance characteristics of proposed polarisation rotator in conformal shape have been analysed, the conformal shape of proposed FSS is shown in Fig. 8a. The proposed unit cell is bent onto an imaginary cylinder of diameter 100 mm to form a curved shape and its performance is shown in Fig. 8 by keeping all design parameters unchanged as given in Table 1. The cylindrical bend tool option has been used in CST MWS to model the conformal shape. Then, the scattering parameters due to co-polarised and cross-polarised wave have been investigated. The corresponding results are shown in Figs. 8b and c. It is known that the scattering parameters are same for both TE, TM polarised wave at a normal incident angle on a planar surface. Whereas, in the case of conformal shapes the scattering parameters do not hold their basic property. Fig. 8Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Conformal analysis of the unit cell (a) 3 × 3 conformal array topology of proposed polarisation rotator, (b) S-parameters TE, (c) S-parameters TM, (d) Optimised response (TE, TM) However, the structure is almost unchanged in its vertical direction (y-axis) which is equivalent to TE wave component. This made a significant discrepancy in its EM performance for TE, TM polarisation angles at normal incidence angle. Further, the structure can be optimised to improve the EM performance. Fig. 8d shows the performance of the structure with optimised substrate thickness. For optimal response, the thickness of the substrate has been reduced to 1.2 mm from 1.57 mm. Moreover, the performance can further improve by optimising the other design parameters. The bandwidth and insertion loss of proposed polarisation rotator, at different incident angles in planar and conformal form is tabulated in Table 2. The study helps in better understanding the performance and designing the frequency selective rotator for real-time applications. Table 2. Summary of bandwidth and insertion loss of planar and conformal shapes Parameter Bandwidth, MHz Insertion loss, dB Polarisation TE TM TE TM incident angle 0° 30° 45° 0° 30° 45° 0° 30° 45° 0° 30° 45° planar 590 537 460 572 434 164 0.25 0.56 0.87 0.27 0.31 0.67 conformal 660 538 317 329 251 161 0.38 0.45 0.91 0.43 0.77 1.18 5 Fabrication and experimental verification In order to prove the simulation results and working of proposed ultrathin polarisation rotator, a prototype has been fabricated on Rogers RT Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate. A total of 100 elements have been fabricated in a size of 150 mm × 150 mm array. The SIW cavity is created at first by drilling the holes on the substrate. Then the holes have been coated with copper metal. Afterwards, the Y-shaped slots have been etched from the top and bottom surfaces using printed circuit board (PCB) process as explained design procedure in Section 2, and a photograph of the fabricated prototype is shown in Fig. 9a. A free space measurement has been set up, has been used to analyse the performance of the structure. Fig. 9b shows the experimental setup used for the measurement. The left-handed (transmitter) horn antenna radiates EM waves in the frequency range from 8 to 14 GHz band. The VNA analyses the amplitude and phase of absorbed and radiated waves through the structure. Fig. 9c shows experimental results. The −3 and −10 dB BWs of the structure are almost same in both cases. Hence, good agreement between experimental results has been found and simulation results prove the efficacy of the proposed structural configuration. After all, the fabrication cost of FSS based on SIW cavities using PCB process is cost effective. Fig. 9Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Experimental verification (a) Photograph of 100 elements fabricated as array on RT 5880 substrate, (b) Experimental setup, (c) Comparison of simulated and measured results 6 Conclusion The design of ultra-thin and polarisation rotating FSS based on SIW technology is presented. The working of cavity and polarisation rotation mechanism of Y-shaped slot is explained in detail. The structure exhibits a relative BW of 8% with impedance matching of −20 dB and maximum insertion loss of 0.3 dB in the passband, which also offers co-polarisation below −10 dB in the passband. The proposed structure is very thin 0.055λ0 and compact 0.56λ0 which meets the practical requirements. Also, the conformal analysis of the proposed polarisation rotator has been carried to study its behaviour for real-time applications when used at curved surfaces. Finally, the fabricated prototypes along with the experimental results prove the efficacy of proposed structure. Finally, a comparison has been made to the existing design models in Table 3. The numerical values show the advantages proposed design for use in real-time applications. Table 3. Comparison to the existing results Reference no. Element size Substrate parameter Thickness 10 dB relative BW, % Insertion loss, dB [[14]] 2.2 9.1 0.2 [[12]] 2.2 6.8 1 [[16]] 2.2 7.43 1.35 [[19]] 2.2 4.14 3 [[25]] 2.65 5.85 — [[20]] 2.2 3.24 0.6 [[17]] 2.2 8.12 3 [[22]] 2.2 8 0.5 this work 2.2 8 0.3 7 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. D Packiaraj, senior scientist, BEL-Central Research Laboratory (BEL-CRL) for providing the measurement facilities. Also, the Rogers Corporation, AZ, USA for providing the dielectric samples used in this study. 8 References [1]Munk, B.A.: ' Frequency selective surfaces: theory and design' ( Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 2000) [2]Narayan, S., Sangeetha, B., Jah, R.M.: ' Frequency selective surfaces based high performance microstrip antenna' ( Springer, Bangalore, India, 2016) [3]Nair, R.U., Jha, R.M.: 'Electromagnetic design and performance analysis of airborne radomes: trends and perspectives [antenna applications corner', IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 2014, 56, (4), pp. 276– 298 [4]Munk, B.A., Luebbers, R., Mentzer, C.A.: 'Breakdown of periodic surfaces at microwave frequencies'. ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Technical Report, 1971, pp. 2989– 2991 [5]Liu, C.H., Behdad, N.: 'Investigating the impact of microwave breakdown on the responses of high-power microwave metamaterials', IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2013, 41, (10), pp. 2992– 3000 [6]Zhang, Y.L., Hong, W., Wu, K., et al.: 'Novel substrate integrated waveguide cavity filter with defected ground structure', IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol., 2005, 53, (4), pp. 1280– 1287 [7]Deslandes, D., Wu, K.: 'Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters', IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol., 2003, 51, (2), pp. 593– 596 [8]Luo, G.Q., Hong, W., Hao, Z.-C., et al.: 'Theory and experiment of novel frequency selective surface based on substrate integrated waveguide technology', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2005, 53, (12), pp. 4035– 4043 [9]Qi, N.N., Gong, S.X., Zhang, Y.J., et al.: 'Reducing bandwidth of FSS using substrate-integrated waveguide technology', J. Electromag. Waves Appl., 2008, 22, (14), pp. 2087– 2096 [10]Luo, G.Q., Hong, W., Tang, H.J., et al.: 'Dualband frequency-selective surfaces using substrate-integrated waveguide technology', IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2007, 1, (2), pp. 408– 413 [11]Yang, W., Tam, K.W., Choi, W.W., et al.: 'Novel polarization rotation technique based on an artificial magnetic conductor and Its application in a Low-profile circular polarization antenna', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2014, 62, (12), pp. 6206– 6216 [12]Zhu, X.C., Hong, W., Wu., K., et al.: 'A novel reflective surface with polarization rotation characteristic', IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2013, 12, pp. 968– 971 [13]Yang, W., Tam, K.W., Choi, W.W., et al.: 'Polarisation rotation reflective surface based on artificial magnetic conductor and its application', Electr. Lett., 2014, 50, (21), pp. 1500– 1502 [14]Winkler, S.A., Hong, W., Bozzi, M., et al.: 'Polarization rotating frequency selective surface based on substrate integrated waveguide technology', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2010, 58, (4), pp. 1202– 1213 [15]Roy, J.E., Shafai, L.: 'Reciprocal circular-polarization-selective surface', IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 1996, 38, (6), pp. 18– 33 [16]Zhu, X.C., Hong, W., Wu., K., et al.: 'Design of a bandwidth-enhanced polarization rotating frequency selective surface', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2014, 62, (2), pp. 940– 944 [17]Mollaei, M.S.M.: 'Narrowband configurable polarization rotator using frequency selective surface based on circular substrate-integrated waveguide cavity', IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2017, 16, pp. 1923– 1926 [18]Zhong, T., Zhang, H., Wu, R., et al.: 'A frequency selective surface with polarization rotation based on substrate integrated waveguide', Prog. Electromag. Res. Lett., 2016, 60, pp. 121– 125 [19]Yu, Z., Xiang, S.Z., Feng, Y.J.: 'Frequency-selective microwave polarization rotator using substrate-integrated waveguide cavities', Chin. Phys. B, 2014, 23, (3), p. 034101 [20]Zhou, H., Hong, W., Tian, L., et al.: 'A polarization-rotating SIW reflective surface with two sharp band edges', IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2016, 15, pp. 130– 134 [21]Li, L., Li, Y., Wu, Z., et al.: 'Novel polarization-reconfigurable converter based on multilayer frequency-selective surfaces', Proc. IEEE, 2015, 103, (7), pp. 1057– 1070 [22]Saikia, M., Ghosh, S., Srivastava, K.V.: 'Design and analysis of ultrathin polarization rotating frequency selective surface using V-shaped slots', IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2017, 16, pp. 2022– 2025 [23]Khan, M.I., Tahir, F.A.: 'An angularly stable dual-broadband anisotropic cross polarization conversion metasurface', J. Appl. Phys., 2017, 122, p. 053103 [24]Momeni Hasan Abadi, S.M.A., Behdad, N.: 'Wideband linear-to-circular polarization converters based on miniaturized-element frequency selective surfaces', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2016, 64, (2), pp. 525– 534 [25]Jia, Y., Liu, Y., Guo, Y.J., et al.: 'A dual-patch polarization rotation reflective surface and its application to ultra-wideband RCS reduction', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2017, 65, (6), pp. 3291– 3295 [26]Akbari, M., Farahani, M., Sebak, A.R., et al.: 'Ka-band linear to circular polarization converter based on multilayer slab with broadband performance', IEEE Access, 2017, 5, pp. 17927– 17937 [27]Bozzi, M., Georgiadis, A., Wu, K.: 'Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas', IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2011, 5, (8), pp. 909– 920 [28]Kesavan, A., Karimian, R., Denidni, T.A.: 'A novel wideband frequency selective surface for millimeter-wave applications', IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2016, 15, pp. 1711– 1714 [29]Harringto, R.F.: ' Some theorems and concepts. Time hormonic electromagnetic fields' ( Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 1961), pp. 106– 110 Citing Literature Volume12, Issue12October 2018Pages 1939-1947 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation