Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Surface Rupture of Multiple Crustal Faults in the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake

2018; Seismological Society of America; Volume: 108; Issue: 3B Linguagem: Inglês

10.1785/0120170300

1943-3573

Nicola Litchfield, Pilar Villamor, Russ Van Dissen, Andrew Nicol, Philip M. Barnes, David Barrell, Jarg R. Pettinga, Robert Langridge, Timothy A. Little, Joshu J. Mountjoy, W. Ries, J. V. Rowland, Clark Fenton, Mark Stirling, Jesse Kearse, Kelvin Berryman, Ursula Cochran, Kate Clark, Mark Hemphill‐Haley, Narges Khajavi, Katie Jones, Garth Archibald, Phædra Upton, Cameron Asher, Adrian Benson, Simon C. Cox, Caleb Gasston, Dan Hale, Brendan Hall, Alexandra E. Hatem, David Heron, Jamie Howarth, Tim Kane, Geoffroy Lamarche, Steve Lawson, Biljana Luković, Samuel T. McColl, Christopher Madugo, John Manousakis, D. Noble, Kate Pedley, Katrina Sauer, Timothy Stahl, Delia Strong, Dougal Townsend, Virginia Toy, Jack Williams, Suzanne Woelz, Robert Zinke,

High-pressure geophysics and materials

Research Article| June 12, 2018 Surface Rupture of Multiple Crustal Faults in the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake Nicola J. Litchfield; Nicola J. Litchfield aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Pilar Villamor; Pilar Villamor aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Russ J. Van Dissen; Russ J. Van Dissen aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Andrew Nicol; Andrew Nicol bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Philip M. Barnes; Philip M. Barnes cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David J. A. Barrell; David J. A. Barrell dGNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jarg R. Pettinga; Jarg R. Pettinga bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert M. Langridge; Robert M. Langridge aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Timothy A. Little; Timothy A. Little eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Joshu J. Mountjoy; Joshu J. Mountjoy cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar William F. Ries; William F. Ries aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Julie Rowland; Julie Rowland fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Clark Fenton; Clark Fenton bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Mark W. Stirling; Mark W. Stirling gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jesse Kearse; Jesse Kearse eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kelvin R. Berryman; Kelvin R. Berryman aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Ursula A. Cochran; Ursula A. Cochran aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kate J. Clark; Kate J. Clark aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Mark Hemphill‐Haley; Mark Hemphill‐Haley hHumboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Narges Khajavi; Narges Khajavi bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Katie E. Jones; Katie E. Jones aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Garth Archibald; Garth Archibald aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Phaedra Upton; Phaedra Upton aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Cameron Asher; Cameron Asher iGNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Adrian Benson; Adrian Benson eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Simon C. Cox; Simon C. Cox dGNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Caleb Gasston; Caleb Gasston fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Dan Hale; Dan Hale bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Brendan Hall; Brendan Hall fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Alexandra E. Hatem; Alexandra E. Hatem jUniversity of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California 90089 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David W. Heron; David W. Heron aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jamie Howarth; Jamie Howarth eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Tim J. Kane; Tim J. Kane cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geoffroy Lamarche; Geoffroy Lamarche cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Steve Lawson; Steve Lawson iGNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Biljana Lukovic; Biljana Lukovic aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Samuel T. McColl; Samuel T. McColl kPhysical Geography Group Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Christopher Madugo; Christopher Madugo lPacific Gas and Electric Company, P.O. Box 997300, Sacramento, California 95899‐7300 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar John Manousakis; John Manousakis mElxisgroup, Dimitressa 7‐9, Athens 11528, Greece Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Duncan Noble; Duncan Noble bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kate Pedley; Kate Pedley bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Katrina Sauer; Katrina Sauer gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Timothy Stahl; Timothy Stahl bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Delia T. Strong; Delia T. Strong aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Dougal B. Townsend; Dougal B. Townsend aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Virginia Toy; Virginia Toy gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jack Williams; Jack Williams gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Suzanne Woelz; Suzanne Woelz cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert Zinke Robert Zinke jUniversity of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California 90089 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Nicola J. Litchfield aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Pilar Villamor aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Russ J. Van Dissen aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Andrew Nicol bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Philip M. Barnes cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand David J. A. Barrell dGNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Jarg R. Pettinga bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Robert M. Langridge aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Timothy A. Little eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Joshu J. Mountjoy cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand William F. Ries aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Julie Rowland fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Clark Fenton bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Mark W. Stirling gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Jesse Kearse eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Kelvin R. Berryman aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Ursula A. Cochran aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Kate J. Clark aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Mark Hemphill‐Haley hHumboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521 Narges Khajavi bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Katie E. Jones aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Garth Archibald aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Phaedra Upton aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Cameron Asher iGNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand Adrian Benson eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Simon C. Cox dGNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Caleb Gasston fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Dan Hale bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Brendan Hall fThe University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Alexandra E. Hatem jUniversity of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California 90089 David W. Heron aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Jamie Howarth eVictoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Tim J. Kane cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Geoffroy Lamarche cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Steve Lawson iGNS Science, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand Biljana Lukovic aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Samuel T. McColl kPhysical Geography Group Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand Christopher Madugo lPacific Gas and Electric Company, P.O. Box 997300, Sacramento, California 95899‐7300 John Manousakis mElxisgroup, Dimitressa 7‐9, Athens 11528, Greece Duncan Noble bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Kate Pedley bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Katrina Sauer gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Timothy Stahl bUniversity of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Delia T. Strong aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Dougal B. Townsend aGNS Science, P.O. Box 30‐368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand, n.litchfield@gns.cri.nz Virginia Toy gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Jack Williams gUniversity of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Suzanne Woelz cNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Robert Zinke jUniversity of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California 90089 Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 12 Jun 2018 Online Issn: 1943-3573 Print Issn: 0037-1106 © Seismological Society of America Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (2018) 108 (3B): 1496–1520. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170300 Article history First Online: 12 Jun 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Nicola J. Litchfield, Pilar Villamor, Russ J. Van Dissen, Andrew Nicol, Philip M. Barnes, David J. A. Barrell, Jarg R. Pettinga, Robert M. Langridge, Timothy A. Little, Joshu J. Mountjoy, William F. Ries, Julie Rowland, Clark Fenton, Mark W. Stirling, Jesse Kearse, Kelvin R. Berryman, Ursula A. Cochran, Kate J. Clark, Mark Hemphill‐Haley, Narges Khajavi, Katie E. Jones, Garth Archibald, Phaedra Upton, Cameron Asher, Adrian Benson, Simon C. Cox, Caleb Gasston, Dan Hale, Brendan Hall, Alexandra E. Hatem, David W. Heron, Jamie Howarth, Tim J. Kane, Geoffroy Lamarche, Steve Lawson, Biljana Lukovic, Samuel T. McColl, Christopher Madugo, John Manousakis, Duncan Noble, Kate Pedley, Katrina Sauer, Timothy Stahl, Delia T. Strong, Dougal B. Townsend, Virginia Toy, Jack Williams, Suzanne Woelz, Robert Zinke; Surface Rupture of Multiple Crustal Faults in the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2018;; 108 (3B): 1496–1520. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170300 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of the Seismological Society of America Search Advanced Search Abstract Multiple (⁠>20⁠) crustal faults ruptured to the ground surface and seafloor in the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, and many have been documented in detail, providing an opportunity to understand the factors controlling multifault ruptures, including the role of the subduction interface. We present a summary of the surface ruptures, as well as previous knowledge including paleoseismic data, and use these data and a 3D geological model to calculate cumulative geological moment magnitudes (⁠MwG⁠) and seismic moments for comparison with those from geophysical datasets. The earthquake ruptured faults with a wide range of orientations, sense of movement, slip rates, and recurrence intervals, and crossed a tectonic domain boundary, the Hope fault. The maximum net surface displacement was ∼12 m on the Kekerengu and the Papatea faults, and average displacements for the major faults were 0.7–1.5 m south of the Hope fault, and 5.5–6.4 m to the north. MwG using two different methods are MwG7.7−0.2+0.3 and the seismic moment is 33%–67% of geophysical datasets. However, these are minimum values and a best estimate MwG incorporating probable larger slip at depth, a 20 km seismogenic depth, and likely listric geometry is MwG7.8±0.2⁠, suggests ≤32% of the moment may be attributed to slip on the subduction interface and/or a midcrustal detachment. Likely factors contributing to multifault rupture in the Kaikōura earthquake include (1) the presence of the subduction interface, (2) physical linkages between faults, (3) rupture of geologically immature faults in the south, and (4) inherited geological structure. The estimated recurrence interval for the Kaikōura earthquake is ≥5,000–10,000 yrs⁠, and so it is a relatively rare event. Nevertheless, these findings support the need for continued advances in seismic hazard modeling to ensure that they incorporate multifault ruptures that cross tectonic domain boundaries. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.