Quality of Early Childhood Development Programs in Global Contexts: Rationale for Investment, Conceptual Framework and Implications for Equity and commentaries
2011; Wiley; Volume: 25; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00067.x
ISSN2379-3988
AutoresPia Rebello Britto, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Kimberly Boller,
Tópico(s)Child Nutrition and Water Access
ResumoSocial Policy ReportVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 1-31 ReportFree Access Quality of Early Childhood Development Programs in Global Contexts: Rationale for Investment, Conceptual Framework and Implications for Equity and commentaries Pia Rebello Britto, Pia Rebello Britto Yale UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorHirokazu Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Yoshikawa Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorKimberly Boller, Kimberly Boller Mathematica Policy ResearchSearch for more papers by this author Pia Rebello Britto, Pia Rebello Britto Yale UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorHirokazu Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Yoshikawa Harvard UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorKimberly Boller, Kimberly Boller Mathematica Policy ResearchSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2011 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00067.xCitations: 65AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Aber, J. L., Yoshikawa, H., & Beardslee, W. (2011). The effects of poverty on children's mental, emotional and behavioral health: Implications for prevention. Manuscript submitted for publication. Aboud, F. E. (2006). Evaluation of an early childhood preschool programme in rural Bangladesh. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 21, 46– 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.01.008 Academy for Educational Development. (2009). Success in first grade. Washington, DC: Author. Administration for Children and Families. (2002). Making a difference in the lives of infants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of early head start. (Final technical report). Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Al-Hassan, S. M., & Lansford, J. E. (2010). Evaluation of the better parenting programme in Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 217– 226 https://doi.org/10.1080/03004431003654925 Arango, M., Nimnicht, G., & Peñaranda, F. (2004). Twenty years on: A report of the PROMESA programme in Colombia (Early Childhood Development: Practice and Reflections Report No. 22). The Hague, Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation. Association for Childhood Education International. (2006). Global guidelines for the education and care of young children in the 21st century. Olney, MD: Author. Barker, R. (1971). Midwest and its children: The psychological ecology of an American town. New York, NY: Archon Books. Bekman, S. (2010, April). Background paper for conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Bernal, R., Fernandez, C., Flores Nieto, C. E., Gaviria, A., Ocampo, P.R., Samper, B., & Sanchez, F. (2009). Evaluation of the early childhood program Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar in Colombia. Bogota, Colombia: Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Economico, Universidad de los Andes. Betts, J., & Lata, D. (2009). Inclusion of children with disabilities: The early childhood Imperative (UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood No. 46). Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Oraganization. Biersteker, L., Ngaruiya, S., Sebatane, E., & Gudyanga, S. (2008). Introducing preprimary classes in Africa: Opportunities and challenges. In M. Garcia, A. Pence, & J. Evans (Eds.), Africa's future, Africa's challenge (pp. 227– 248). Washington, DC: World Bank. Boller, K., Del Grosso, P., Blair, R., Jolly, Y., Fortson, K., Paulsell, D., … Kovac, M. (2010). The Seeds to Success Modified Field Test: Findings from the impact and implementation studies. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research. Boller, K., Strong, D. A., & Daro, D. (2010). Home visiting: Looking back and moving forward. Zero to Three, 30(6), 4– 9. Breinbauer, C. (2008, March). Measuring results in child development: Experience from four countries. Paper presented at the meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society, New York. Britto, P. R. (2002). Children's rights. In N. Salkind, (Ed.) Child development, Macmillan psychology reference series, Vol. 1 (p. 84). New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA. Britto, P. R., Cerezo, A., & Ogbunugafor, C.B. (2008). How evidence can be used to inform policy: A case study of early childhood evidence-based policy development. International Journal of Early Childhood, 40(2), 101– 118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03165842 Britto, P. R., Dimaya, R., & Seder, R. (2010). Early childhood care and education in Lao PDR. New Haven CT: Yale University Britto, P. R., & Gilliam, W. (2008). Crossing borders with Head Start: An analysis of international early childhood programs. Infants and Young Children, 21, 82– 91. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IYC.0000306375.25167.3d Britto, P. R., & Kagan, S. L. (2010). Global status of early learning and development standards. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw, (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education: Vol. 2 (pp. 138– 143). Oxford, England: Elsevier. Britto, P. R., & Ulkuer, N. (in press). Child development in the MICS: Child rights and policy implications. Child Development. Britto, P. R., Ulkuer, N., & Meyers, C. (2009). Impact of the early crises on early childhood development: An examination of mediating pathways with implications for national policy. Paper presented at ODI/UNICEF Conference, London, England. Britto, P.R., Vasquez, C., Barredo, L., Cerezo, A. & Rabino, D. (2010, April). Building a sustainable society: Early learning for social actors. Paper presented at the Conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Burt, R. S. (2001). Structural holes versus network closure as social capital. In N. Lin, K. S. Cook, & R. S. Burt (Eds.), Social capital: Theory and research (pp.31-56). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Cappella, E. (2010, April). Background paper for conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development. 76(1), 182– 195. https://doi.org/0.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00838.x Committee on the Rights of the Child, United Nations. (2006). Report of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (A/61/41). Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4725f1a82.html Corter, C., Janmohanned, Z., Zhang, J., & Bertand, J. (2006). Selected issues concerning early childhood care and education in China. [Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007]. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orangization. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2007). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation (2nd ed.). London, England: Falmer Press. Doyle, O. (2010, April). Background paper for conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Engle, P. L. (2010, April). ECD approaches targeting interventionists and parent/primary care givers. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Engle, P. L., Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., DeMello, M. C., Gertler, P. J., Kapiriri, L., … the International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. The Lancet. 369, 229– 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3 Fixsen, D., Naoom, S. F., Blase, D.A., Friedman, R. M., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature (FMHI Publication #231). Tampa: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network. FrameWorks Institute. (2007). Talking early child development and exploring the consequences of frame choices: A FrameWorks message memo. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/assets/files/ECD/ecd_message_memo.pdf Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., Strupp, B., & the International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet. 369, 60– 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4 Grover, D. (2010, April). System level considerations for ECD quality. Paper presented at the conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Guhn, M., Janus, M., & Hertzman, C. (2007). The Early Development Instrument: Translating school readiness assessment into community actions and policy planning. Early Education and Development. 18, 369– 374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280701610622 Halle, T., Vick Whittaker, J. E., & Anderson, R. (2010). Quality in early childhood care and education settings: A compendium of measures (2nd ed). Washington, DC: Child Trends. Hart, R. A. (1997). Children's participation: The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. New York, NY: United Nations Children's Fund. Harvard Center on the Developing Child. (2010). The foundations of lifelong health are built in early childhood. Cambridge, MA: Author. Hawes, H. (1988). Child-to-child: another path to learning. Hamburg, Germany: UNESCO Institute for Education. J. J. Heckman, & A.B. Krueger (Eds.). (2003). Inequality in America: What role for human capital policies? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hodgkin, R., & Newell, P. (2007). Implementation handbook for the convention on the rights of the child. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Children's Fund. Hossain, K. (2010, April). Bangladesh ECD programs - SUCCEED an early learning for school success program. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Howes, C., Burchinal, M., Pianta R., Bryant, D., Early, D., Clifford, R., & Barbarin, O. (2008). Ready to learn? Children's pre-academic achievement in Prekindergarten programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 23, 27– 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.05.002 Iltus, S., & Hart, R.A. (1995). Participatory planning and design of recreational spaces with children. Architecture and Behavior. 10, 361– 370. Jukes, M. (2010, April). Assessing the impact of ECCE on parents' goals for their children's development. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Kagan, S. L., & Britto, P. R. (in press). Using early learning and development standards to advance early childhood. The Hague, Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation. Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 54(3), 317– 337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x Kamerman, S. B. (2006). A global history of early childhood education and care [Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007]. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Knudsen, E. I., Heckman, J. J., Cameron, J. L., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2006). Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America's future workforce. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(27), 10155– 10162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600888103 La Paro, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & Stuhlman, M. (2004). The classroom assessment scoring system: Findings from the pre-kindergarten year. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 343– 360. Loeb, S., Fuller, B., Kagan, S. L., & Carrol, B. (2004). Child care in poor communities: Early learning effects of type, quality, and stability. Child Development, 75, 47– 65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00653.x Love, J. M., Harrison, L., Sagi-Schwartz, A., vanIJzendoorn, M. H., Ross, C., & Ungerer, J. A., … Chazan-Cohen, R. (2003). Child care quality matters: How conclusions may vary with context. Child Development, 74, 1021– 33. Magnuson, K. A., & Waldfogel, J. (2005). Early childhood care and education: Effects on ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. The Future of Children, 15(1), 169– 196. Marfo, K., Biersterker, L., Sagnia, J., & Kabiru, M. (2008). Responding to the challenge of meeting the needs of children under 3 in Africa. In M. Garcia, A. Pence, & J. Evans (Eds.). Africa's future, Africa's challenge (pp. 201– 226). Washington, DC: World Bank. Moss, P., & Dahlberg, G. (2008). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care—Languages of evaluation. New Zealand Journal of Teachers' Work, 5, 30– 41. Myers, R. G. (1992). The twelve who survive: Strengthening programmes of early childhood development in the third world. London, England: Routledge. Myers, R. G. (2006). Quality in programs of early childhood care and education [Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007]. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Myers, R. G. (2010, April). In search of educational quality: A Mexican experience. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. National Forum on Early Childhood Program Evaluation. (2007). A science-based framework for early childhood policy. Cambridge, MA: Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University. Retrieved from http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu/content/downloads/Policy_Framework.pdf Nonoyama, Y., Loaiza, E., & Engle, P. (2006). Participation in organized early learning centers: Findings from household surveys. [Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007]. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Nsamenang, A.B. (2006). Cultures in early childhood care and education. [Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007]. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paulsell, D., Boller, K., Hallgren, K., & Mraz-Esposito, A. (2010). Assessing home visiting quality: Dosage, content, and relationships. Zero to Three. 30(6), 16– 21. Pence, A. (2004). ECD policy development and implementation in Africa. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Pence, A. (2008). Introduction. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 9(3), 189– 90. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2008.9.3.189 Powell, C. (2004). An evaluation of the Roving Caregivers Programme of the Rural Family Support Organization, May Pen. Clarendon, Jamaica: United Nations Children's Fund. Prochner, L., & Kabiru, M. (2008). ECD in Africa: A historical perspective. In M. Garcia, A. Pence, & J. Evans (Eds.), Africa's future, Africa's challenge (pp. 117– 133). Washington, DC: World Bank. Rafique, G. (2010, April). ECD approaches targeting interventionist and parent/primary care giver. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts. NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Raikes, A. (2010, April). Background paper for conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Rao, N., & Pearson, V. (2009). Early childhood care and education in Cambodia. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 3, 13– 26. Richter, L. (2004). The importance of caregiver-child interactions for the survival and healthy development of young children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Roggman, L., Boyce, G., & Innocenti, M. (2008). Developmental parenting: A guide for early childhood practitioners. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Rolla, A., Yoshikawa, H., Snow, C.E., Arbour, M.C., Trevino, E., Leyva, D., … Mendive, S. (2010, April). The quality of program implementation, classroom pedagogy, and parent-child interactions: Their relationships with young children's development in Santiago, Chile. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. M. Shinn, & H. Yoshikawa (Eds.). (2008). Toward positive youth development: Transforming schools and community programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D.A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Stansbery, P. (2010, April). Background paper for conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. Talan, T. N., & Bloom, P. J. (2004). Program administration scale: Measuring leadership and management in early childhood programs. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Tinajero, A.R. (2010). Scaling up early child development in Cuba—Cuba's educate your child program: Strategies and lessons from the expansion (Wolfensohn Center for Development Working Paper 16). Washington, DC: Brookings. Tseng, V., & Seidman, E. (2007). A systems framework for understanding social settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 217– 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9101-8 Ulkuer, N. (2006). Measuring early childhood development for evidence-based policy advocacy and planning. New York, NY: United Nations Children's Fund. United Nations. (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. New York, NY: Author. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/crc/ United Nations. (2000). United Nations millennium declaration. New York, NY: Author. United Nations. (2010). The millennium development goals report 2010. New York, NY: Author. United Nations Children's Fund. (2005). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/crc/ United Nations Children's Fund. (2008). Annual report 2008. New York, NY: Author. United Nations Children's Fund. (2009). Annual report 2009. New York, NY: Author. United Nations Children's Fund. (2010). Progress for children: Achieving the MDGs with equity. New York, NY: Author. United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Making globalization work for all. New York, NY: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1990). World declaration on education for all: Meeting basic learning needs. Jomtien, Thailand: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2000). Education for All 2000 Assessment. Paris, France: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2003). Education in a multilingual world (UNESCO Education Position Paper). Paris, France: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2005). First language first: Community-based literacy programs for minority languages contexts in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2006). Education for all: Strong foundations early childhood care and education. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007. Paris, France: Author. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2007). Strong foundations: Early childhood care and education. (EFA global monitoring report 2007.) Paris, France: Author. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001477/147794e.pdf United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2010). Reaching the marginalized (EFA Global Monitoring Report 2010). Paris, France: Author. Vegas, E. & Santibanez, L. (2010). The promise of early childhood development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: World Bank. Witte, A.D., & Trowbridge, M. (2004). Education in the United States: Historical evolution and international comparisons (NBER Working Papers 10931). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Woodhead, M., & Oates, J. (2009). Early childhood in focus. Milton Keynes, England: The Open University. Woodhead, M., Ames, P., Vennam, U., Abebe, W., & Streuli, N. (2009). Equity and quality? Challenges for early childhood and primary education in Ethiopia, India and Peru. (Working Paper No. 55). The Hague, Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation. World Bank. (2010). World development indicators 2009. Washington, DC: Author. Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28– 54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.28 Yoshikawa, H., & Hsueh, J. (2001). Child development and public policy: Toward a dynamic systems perspective. Child Development, 72, 1887– 1903. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00384 Yoshikawa, H., Oh, S., & Seder, R. (2010). Early childhood care and education in Cambodia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Yoshikawa, H., McCartney, K., Myers, R., Bub, K., Lugo-Gil, J., Knaul, F., & Ramos, M. (2007). Preschool education in Mexico: Expansion, quality improvement, and curricular reform (IWP-2007-03). Florence, Italy: United Nations Children's Fund Yoshikawa, H., Rosman, E. A., & Hsueh, J. (2002). Resolving paradoxical criteria for the expansion and replication of early childhood care and education programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 3– 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(02)00129-1 Yoshikawa, H., Weisner, T. S., Kalil, A., & Way, N. (2008). Mixing qualitative and quantitative research methods in developmental science: Uses and methodological choices. Developmental Psychology, 44, 344– 354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.344 Yousafzai, A. K. (2010, April). Quality of early child care and development programme: Perspective from Pakistan. Paper presented at conference on Beyond Child Indicators: A Framework to Assess and Evaluate the Quality of Early Childhood Services and Programs in Global Contexts, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi. References Biersteker, L., & Kvalsvig, J. (2007) Early childhood development and the home-care environment in the preschool years. In A. Dawes, R. Bray, & A. Van der Merwe, (Eds.), Monitoring child rights and wellbeing: A South African Approach (pp. 159– 190). Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press. UNESCO. (2010). Moscow framework for action and cooperation: Harnessing the wealth of nations. Accessed on February 26 2011 at http://download.eie.org/Docs/WebDepot/Moscow%20Framework%20for%20Action%20and%20Cooperation_Harnessing%20the%20Wealth%20of%20Nation Early Learning Resource Center, Cape Town, South Africa References Association for Childhood Education International & World Organization for Early Childhood Education. (1999). Global guidelines for early childhood education and care in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Association for Childhood Education International. DEC/NAEYC. (2009). Early childhood inclusion: A joint position statement of the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, FPG Child Development Institute. International Telecommunication Union. (2011). The world in 2010: ICT facts and figures. Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/material/FactsFigures2010.pdf Lokteff, M., & Piercy, K. W. (2011). Who cares for the children? Lessons from a global perspective of child care policy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9467-y. Meyers, R. G. (2006). Background paper prepared for the education for all global monitoring report 2007 strong foundations: Early childhood care and education-quality in program of early childhood care and education (ECCE). Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. United Nations General Assembly. (2007). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 24 January 2007, A/RES/61/106. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45f973632.html. United Nations Children's Fund. (2008). The child care transition, Innocenti report card 8. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2006). Education for all monitoring report: Strong foundations early childhood care and education. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special education. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. Reference World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: Author. Citing Literature Volume25, Issue2Quality of Early Childhood Development Programs in Global Contexts: Rationale for Investment, Conceptual Framework and Implications for Equity and commentariesSummer 2011Pages 1-31 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)