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Overuse of the hip external rotators: greater trochanter apophysitis in the karate kid

2018; Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem; Volume: 51; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0065

1678-7099

Rafael Seiji Kubo, Eduardo Noda Kihara Filho, Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes Fonseca, Adham do Amaral e Castro, Durval do Carmo Barros Santos,

Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

the presence of multiple accessory spleens and duplication of left-sided structures illustrate the polysplenia syndrome.Classical findings in HS include cardiac malpositioning, septal defects, bilateral bilobed or trilobed lungs, midline liver, intestinal malrotation, and abnormal spleen development.Intestinal malrotation can lead to gut volvulus and ischemia (5,6) , whereas complete asplenia predisposes to bacterial infections and sepsis (1,2) .Up to 75% of patients with polysplenia have significant cardiac malformations, namely endocardial cushion defects, double-outlet right ventricle, left heart obstruction, and anomalous venous return (4) .The severity of congenital heart disease remains a main determinant of the long-term prognosis of HS patients-even after surgical repair of congenital heart disease, patients are prone to developing arrhythmias, thromboembolism due to right atrium enlargement (7) , and progressive systolic dysfunction (3) .In conclusion, HS is a complex syndrome that has remarkable phenotypic variability and is a challenge to manage.Patients with HS are prone to develop potentially life-threatening complications, which should be promptly diagnosed and managed.Therefore, imaging studies are critical in evaluating these patients, because they delineate the spectrum of possible cardiac and extracardiac involvement in HS and associated complications.