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Analysis of Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: The Urgent Need for More Specific Analytical Standards

2018; American Chemical Society; Volume: 5; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00537

2328-8930

Lena Schinkel, Christian Bogdal, Elia Canonica, Ronan Cariou, Davide Bleiner, Kristopher McNeill, Norbert V. Heeb,

Analytical chemistry methods development

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals and ubiquitous environmental pollutants. In particular, data about the environmental fate of medium-chain (MCCPs, C14–C17) and long-chain (LCCPs, C≥18) CPs are urgently needed. Their analysis requires elaborate analytical methods and representative analytical standards. Complex mixtures that contain CPs of different carbon chain lengths and degrees of chlorination are currently used for quantification but are impractical when chain length distributions substantially differ between samples and standards. Single-chain CP mixtures of only one carbon chain length but varying degrees of chlorination are more suitable for accurate quantification but are not available for MCCPs and LCCPs. Such standards are useful for homologue pattern deconvolution and response factor calculations. Toxicity and transformation studies on MCCPs and LCCPs are scarce. Respective studies would also benefit from less complex CP standards, e.g., single-chain mixtures or even constitutionally defined CPs. Currently available analytical standards are inadequate for the demanding task of quantifying MCCPs and LCCPs. Improved standards are required. This review provides an overview of the available analytical CP materials, discusses their advantages and disadvantages for accurate CP analysis, and gives a recommendation for improvements. Recommendations for improved analytical standards include (A) complex CP mixtures that better resemble technical CP mixtures, (B) single-chain CP mixtures of different carbon chain lengths (C10–C30) and varying degrees of chlorination (40–70 wt%Cl), (C) constitutionally defined CPs with representative chlorination patterns, and (D) isotopically labeled CP isomers that represent a broad range of CPs.