NAPNAP Position Statement on Breastfeeding
2018; Elsevier BV; Volume: 33; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.08.011
ISSN1532-656X
AutoresDeborah Busch, JoAnne Silbert‐Flagg, Mary Ryngaert, Allison Scott,
Tópico(s)Infant Nutrition and Health
ResumoThe National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP) recognizes that optimal nutrition for newborns and infants consists of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, ideally beginning with skin-to-skin contact and early infant-led breastfeeding within the first hour of life. At about 6 months of age, with the addition of appropriate complementary solid foods, continuation of breastfeeding is recommended until at least age 1 year and longer as mutually desired by the mother and infant (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015Academy of Breastfeeding MedicinePosition statement on breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 407-411Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics 2018American Academy of PediatricsAdvocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health.Pediatrics. 2018; 141: e1-e10Google Scholar, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2016American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsOptimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice, committee opinion 638. Author, Washington, DC2016https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-PracticeGoogle Scholar, American Dietetic Association 2009American Dietetic AssociationPosition of the American Dietetic Association: Promoting and supporting breastfeeding.Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009; 109: 1926-1942Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, U.S. Breastfeeding Committee 2010U.S. Breastfeeding CommitteeCore competencies in breastfeeding care and services for all health professionals. Author, Washington, DC2010Google Scholar, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2009U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesHealthy People 2020: Maternal, infant and child health. Author, Washington, DC2009https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/maternal-infant-and-child-healthGoogle Scholar, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2011U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Surgeon General's call to action to support breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar, United Nations Children's Fund 2017United Nations Children's FundImproving breastfeeding, complementary foods and feeding practices. Author, New York, NY2017https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_breastfeeding.htmlGoogle Scholar, World Health Organization 2017World Health OrganizationInternational code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Update to 1981 recommendations. Author, Geneva, Switzerland2017http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/breastmilk-substitutes-FAQ2017/en/Google Scholar). Given the benefits of breast milk and breastfeeding to the infant, mother, society, and environment, NAPNAP affirms that exclusive feeding of breast milk represents optimal feeding for newborns and infants. Optimizing infant feeding is a key strategy for promoting health through the lifespan. Evidence suggests that breast milk provides infants and children with increased protection against infection, acute illness, and chronic conditions across the lifespan (American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, McNiel, Labbok and Abrahams, 2010McNiel M.E. Labbok M.H. Abrahams S.W. What are the risks associated with formula feeding? A re-analysis and review.Birth. 2010; 37: 50-58Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). Suboptimal breastfeeding, defined as nonexclusive breastfeeding and/or breastfeeding for less than AAP recommendations, may jeopardize the infant's health and increase the risk of infant morbidity and mortality (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015Academy of Breastfeeding MedicinePosition statement on breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 407-411Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics 2018American Academy of PediatricsAdvocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health.Pediatrics. 2018; 141: e1-e10Google Scholar, World Health Organization 2017World Health OrganizationInternational code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Update to 1981 recommendations. Author, Geneva, Switzerland2017http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/breastmilk-substitutes-FAQ2017/en/Google Scholar). These risks include, but are not limited to, higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (i.e., SIDS), neurocognitive delays, and increased incidence of diabetes, cancers, gastroenteritis, respiratory and ear infections, and dental malocclusions (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015Academy of Breastfeeding MedicinePosition statement on breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 407-411Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Binns, Lee and Low, 2016Binns C. Lee M. Low W.Y. The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding.Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016; 28: 7-14Crossref Scopus (276) Google Scholar, Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar, Victora et al., 2016Victora C.G. Bahi R. Barros A. Franca G. Horton S. Krasever J. Rollins N.C. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms and lifelong effect.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 475-490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3369) Google Scholar). Breast milk also plays an important role in neurodevelopment and cognitive function, especially in preterm infants (Schwarzenberg and Georgieff, 2018Schwarzenberg S.J. Georgieff M.K. Advocacy for improving nutrition in the first 100 days to support childhood development and adult health.Pediatrics. 2018; 141E20173716Google Scholar). Premature infants receive significant benefits from human milk, including lower rates of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, reduced hospital admissions, lower mortality rates, reduced long-term growth failure, and fewer neurodevelopmental disabilities (American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar, Sullivan et al., 2010Sullivan, S., Schanler, R. J., Kim, J. H., Patel, K. A., Trawoger, R., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U, . . . Lucas, A. (2010). An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. Journal of Pediatrics, 156, 562--567.Google Scholar). Therefore, NAPNAP affirms enacting specific strategies to increase human milk intake for the premature infant (Fugate et al., 2015Fugate K. Hernandez I. Ashmeade I. Miladinovic T. Spatz D. Improving human milk and breastfeeding practices in the NICU.Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2015; 44: 426-438Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). Breastfeeding is remarkably beneficial for the mother, with decreased risks of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and improved birth spacing (Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar, Victora et al., 2016Victora C.G. Bahi R. Barros A. Franca G. Horton S. Krasever J. Rollins N.C. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms and lifelong effect.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 475-490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3369) Google Scholar). Breastfeeding also helps new mothers lose weight that was gained during pregnancy, decreasing their risk of diabetes or other chronic disorders related to obesity (Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar). Research indicates that suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States results in more than 3,340 premature maternal and child deaths (Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar). The associated costs of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States accounted for $3.0 billion in direct medical costs, $1.3 billion in nonmedical costs, and $14.2 billion in premature death costs (Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar). Studies have shown that breastfeeding bestows benefits to the greater society (Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar, Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar, Victora et al., 2016Victora C.G. Bahi R. Barros A. Franca G. Horton S. Krasever J. Rollins N.C. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms and lifelong effect.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 475-490Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3369) Google Scholar). Conversely, suboptimal breastfeeding has been shown to have a significant health care burden economically, with increased rates of health care utilization and illness. Efforts to promote and support breastfeeding should be viewed as an important public health priority for health care professionals charged with the care of women, infants, and children. Exclusive breastfeeding should be encouraged for all mothers, and in the rare instance when breastfeeding is contraindicated or is significantly limited, exclusive feeding of donor breast milk should be considered through a Human Milk Banking Association of North America (i.e., HMBANA) facility (Human Milk Banking Association of North America 2018Human Milk Banking Association of North AmericaAbout HMBANA: Mission and vision and locations. Author, Fort Worth, TX2018https://www.hmbana.org/about-us/mission.htmlGoogle Scholar). Supplemental feedings should be given to infants only when medically warranted, because their use may interfere with the establishment of good maternal supply (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM Clinical protocol #3: Hospital guidelines for the use of supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2009.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, Holmes, McLeod and Bunik, 2013Holmes A.V. McLeod A.Y. Bunik M. ABM clinical protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2013; 8: 469-473Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, Kellams et al., 2017Kellams A. Harrel C. Omage S. Gregory C. Rosen-Carole C. Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, rev. 2017.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2017; 12: 1-11Google Scholar). When unique situations arise that require the need to induce lactation (or re-lactation), supportive efforts should be initiated for breast milk production to ensure the infant receives breast milk. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding is an integral component of pediatric health care offered by pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) and their fellow pediatric-focused advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). An infant's nutrition, beginning with maternal nutrition in pregnancy through the child's second birthday, is critical to neurodevelopment and lifelong mental health and provides short- and long-term positive health care outcomes (American Academy of Pediatrics 2018American Academy of PediatricsAdvocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health.Pediatrics. 2018; 141: e1-e10Google Scholar, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2013Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2013; 8: 469-473Google Scholar). Pediatric-focused APRNs can positively influence breastfeeding practices by implementing maternal–child health evidence–based practices (EBP), including identifying barriers to breastfeeding, ensuring equitable health care with careful follow-up, providing EBP anticipatory guidance, and advocating for breastfeeding-friendly practices. All these actions in the primary care setting serve to improve breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration from the immediate postpartum period through weaning (American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Heinig et al., 2009Heinig M.J. Ishii K.D. Banuelos J.L. Campell E. O'Loughlin C. Vera Becerra L.E. Sources and acceptance of infant-feeding advice among low-income women.Journal of Human Lactation. 2009; 25: 163-172Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2011U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Surgeon General's call to action to support breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar). Initiatives directed toward increasing the support of lactating women returning to work are paramount, because the challenge of pumping for a child while working is one of the leading causes for early cessation of breastfeeding (Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar). Mothers who are at risk for early cessation of breastfeeding because of social health determinants must also be the focus of breastfeeding initiatives. Maternal self-efficacy is a factor that affects breastfeeding success. The Tri-Core Breastfeeding model incorporates maternal self-efficacy strategies, lactation support, and education within the patient–family medical home for the pediatric-focused APRN to incorporate in breastfeeding promotion (Busch, Logan and Wilkinson, 2014Busch D.W. Logan K. Wilkinson A. The Tri-Core breastfeeding conceptual model: Strategies for primary care.Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2014; 28: 486-496Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). NAPNAP affirms the need for pediatric-focused APRNs to implement pediatric primary care breastfeeding interventions incorporating the Tri-Core conceptual model. Pediatric-focused APRNs’ positive support within the health care systems for breastfeeding-friendly workplaces, for family and community programs, and for focused strategies for populations at risk to improve breastfeeding rates aligning with the Healthy People 2020/2025 goals is encouraged (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2011U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Surgeon General's call to action to support breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar). NAPNAP recommends that comprehensive, evidence-based, and culturally sensitive educational and clinical experiences in lactation and breastfeeding be included in all educational programs that prepare pediatric health care providers. NAPNAP also recommends that pediatric health care providers participate in continuing education opportunities dedicated to the promotion of breastfeeding. These opportunities would include obtaining the knowledge, skills, and strategies to effectively manage the clinical care of the breastfeeding dyad. NAPNAP also supports the goals of Healthy People 2020/2025 that promote increasing breastfeeding rates nationally to contribute to improving the health of all persons (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2011U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Surgeon General's call to action to support breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar). NAPNAP recognizes and affirms the significance of the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Ten Steps international strategy and encourages hospitals to incorporate these steps into mother–infant dyad care (United Nations Children's Fund & World Health Organization 2018United Nations Children's Fund & World Health OrganizationTen steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland2018http://www.who.int/nutrition/bfhi/ten-steps/en/Google Scholar, World Health Organization 1998World Health OrganizationEvidence for the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Author, Geneva, Switzerland1998Google Scholar). NAPNAP encourages all pediatric health care providers to do the following.1.Promote informed choice about infant feeding practices by educating expectant parents, their family members, and society about the nutritional, neurodevelopmental, social, and economic advantages of breast milk. Educate families on the potential short- and long-term health risks of not breastfeeding for both mother and child (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2013Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2013; 8: 469-473Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Bartick et al., 2017Bartick M. Schwarz E.B. Green B.D. Jegier B.J. Reingold A.G. Colaizy T.T. Stuebe A.M. Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs.Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2017; 13: E12366Google Scholar, Binns, Lee and Low, 2016Binns C. Lee M. Low W.Y. The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding.Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016; 28: 7-14Crossref Scopus (276) Google Scholar, Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar). Identify and reduce the actual and perceived barriers to initiation and continuation of breastfeeding at all phases of the childbearing/childrearing cycle. Provide counsel and support for all families pursuing the use of donor milk and/or breast milk induction/re-lactation with EBP information and resources. Acknowledge that if maternal breast milk is unavailable, donor human milk as a substitute is preferred (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM Clinical protocol #3: Hospital guidelines for the use of supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2009.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Kellams et al., 2017Kellams A. Harrel C. Omage S. Gregory C. Rosen-Carole C. Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, rev. 2017.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2017; 12: 1-11Google Scholar). NAPNAP emphasizes the importance of interprofessional health care team collaboration and seeks to establish joint EBP care measures with vested health care partners to promote, protect, and support the breastfeeding dyad.2.Provide expert clinical care for breastfeeding families using a family-centered care approach (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2013Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2013; 8: 469-473Google Scholar). Identify support systems necessary to promote and sustain the nutritional goals of breastfeeding families and for those who choose to feed breast milk to their babies (American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding 2012American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on BreastfeedingBreastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841Crossref PubMed Scopus (3471) Google Scholar, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015Academy of Breastfeeding MedicinePosition statement on breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 407-411Google Scholar, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2011U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Surgeon General's call to action to support breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar). Assess breastfeeding at all infant/child visits and provide appropriate management/care to the breastfeeding dyad. Provide lactation support onsite or refer breastfeeding families to a lactation consultant, community support group, and/or peer group when appropriate. Facilitate, support, and promote primary care support strategies that collaborate with the UNICEF/WHO's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding initiative (Human Milk Banking Association of North America 2018Human Milk Banking Association of North AmericaAbout HMBANA: Mission and vision and locations. Author, Fort Worth, TX2018https://www.hmbana.org/about-us/mission.htmlGoogle Scholar).3.Advocate for breastfeeding support and promotion by emphasizing maternal self-efficacy lactation support and education within practice settings, hospitals, communities, and at the legislative level among all populations, especially those at risk for early cessation (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM Clinical protocol #3: Hospital guidelines for the use of supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2009.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2013Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2013; 8: 469-473Google Scholar; Busch, Logan and Wilkinson, 2014Busch D.W. Logan K. Wilkinson A. The Tri-Core breastfeeding conceptual model: Strategies for primary care.Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2014; 28: 486-496Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). Provide assistance to populations with lower breastfeeding rates who may lack access to provider and community lactation support. Populations with lower rates of breastfeeding include those who identify as African American, have lower socioeconomic status, are unmarried, are less formally educated, have young maternal age, are participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (i.e., WIC), and/or report unintended pregnancy (Jones, Power, Queenan and Schulkin, 2015Jones K. Power M. Queenan J. Schulkin J. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 196-206Google Scholar). Women who are disproportionally affected by adverse social outcomes derive the most health and economic benefits of breastfeeding (Jones, Power, Queenan and Schulkin, 2015Jones K. Power M. Queenan J. Schulkin J. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 196-206Google Scholar).4.Serve as an educational resource for other health care professionals, employers, and the general public regarding breastfeeding. Current research indicates that there is insufficient and inconsistent lactation education among professionals and in nursing programs. Advocate for curriculum improvements to prepare the current and next generations of pediatric health care providers (Boyd and Spatz, 2013Boyd A. Spatz D. Breastfeeding and human lactation: Education and curricular issues for pediatric nurse practitioners.Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2013; 27: 83-90Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). Advocate for increased breastfeeding continuing education for all NPs who care for breastfeeding families. NAPNAP recognizes that PNPs are uniquely qualified to be leaders in providing interprofessional lactation education and care by establishing core competencies in lactation education (U.S. Breastfeeding Committee 2010U.S. Breastfeeding CommitteeCore competencies in breastfeeding care and services for all health professionals. Author, Washington, DC2010Google Scholar).5.Advocate for workplace employer/employee policies that seek to enable employed women who are breastfeeding to continue providing breast milk to their children. This includes adhering to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) workplace provisions, recommending that employers enact policies and procedures allowing for women to pump their breast milk when reasonable in safe, private, and sanitary rooms without fear of retribution (Dinour and Szaro, 2017Dinour L. Szaro J. Employer-based programs to support breastfeeding among working mothers: A systematic review.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2017; 12: 131-141Google Scholar). Current research has indicated that the duration of maternity leave and one's employment status were found to inversely affect breastfeeding exclusivity and/or duration (Dinour and Szaro, 2017Dinour L. Szaro J. Employer-based programs to support breastfeeding among working mothers: A systematic review.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2017; 12: 131-141Google Scholar). PNPs can advocate for longer maternal and paternal postpartum leave time and encourage employers to enact flexible working arrangements. These measures will reduce workplace barriers to improving breastfeeding rates and increase retention of employees long term. Breastfeeding support for employees will reduce turnover, improve business outcomes, and benefit employee health, causing a return on the investment of the employer (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 2017U.S. Department of Health & Human ServicesBusiness case for breastfeeding. Author, Washington, DC2017https://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-home-work-and-public/breastfeeding-and-going-back-work/business-caseGoogle Scholar).6.Support and participate in the design and implementation of clinical practice, local and national policies, and local and regional breastfeeding coalitions to actively promote the continued development and implementation of appropriate breastfeeding initiatives. Advocate, practice, and contribute to specific interventions in the primary care setting that promote the Breastfeeding-Friendly Pediatric Office Practice (Meek and Hatcher, 2017Meek J.Y. Hatcher A.J. The breastfeeding-friendly pediatric office practice.Pediatrics. 2017; 139e20170647Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar). Identify breastfeeding experts to participate on organizational committees and governing boards for the purpose of ensuring that breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support concerns are addressed in the development of policies and programs affecting women and children.7.Promote, protect, and support breastfeeding as a global strategy to reduce infant morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries (World Health Organization 2003World Health OrganizationGlobal strategy for infant and young child feeding. Author, Geneva, Switzerland2003Google Scholar, World Health Organization 2017World Health OrganizationInternational code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Update to 1981 recommendations. Author, Geneva, Switzerland2017http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/breastmilk-substitutes-FAQ2017/en/Google Scholar). Recognize the vital role and goals set forth by both the Innocenti Declaration and the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes to reduce inappropriate and unethical marketing of breast milk substitutes to families worldwide and to affirm that, in the absence of true contraindications, all infants benefit from breast milk (Rollins et al., 2016Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. Victora C.G. Breastfeeding 2: Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practice?.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1098) Google Scholar). NAPNAP recognizes and affirms the importance of national and global strategies to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls by increasing access to skilled care before, during, and after childbirth and during lactation and beyond for the betterment of entire communities.8.Recognize that infants are especially vulnerable during times of disaster and that breast milk is the cleanest and safest food for an infant in disasters or emergencies. Providing support for women during a disaster so they can continue exclusive breastfeeding or return to exclusive breastfeeding through re-lactation after a disaster is crucial to promote the positive health outcomes that result from the intake of human milk (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM Clinical protocol #3: Hospital guidelines for the use of supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2009.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, Carothers and Gribble, 2014Carothers C. Gribble K. Infant and young child feeding in emergencies: Position paper.Journal of Human Lactation. 2014; : 1-4Google Scholar). Provide professional support and ensure that mothers are instructed on hand expression and paper cup feeding during disaster situations (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2009Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM Clinical protocol #3: Hospital guidelines for the use of supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, revised 2009.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009; 4: 175-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar; American Academy of PediatricsAmerican Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2015). Infant feeding in disasters and emergencies: Breastfeeding and other options. AAP Policy and Publications. Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Children-and-Disasters/Pages/AAP-Policy-and-Publications.aspxGoogle Scholar; U.S. Breastfeeding Committee 2011U.S. Breastfeeding CommitteeStatement on infant/young child feeding in emergencies. United States Breastfeeding Committee, Washington, DC2011Google Scholar).9.Conduct research and quality improvement projects related to breastfeeding to formulate, generate, evaluate, and substantiate evidence-based practices for lactation support allowing nurse practitioners to be on the forefront of breastfeeding research (Boyd and Spatz, 2013Boyd A. Spatz D. Breastfeeding and human lactation: Education and curricular issues for pediatric nurse practitioners.Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2013; 27: 83-90Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). PNPs in clinical practice and academia are encouraged to disseminate research findings with a lactation focus through scholarship.10.Promote family and community support of breastfeeding, including a cultural and acculturation assessment of factors affecting breastfeeding initiation and duration (Jones, Power, Queenan and Schulkin, 2015Jones K. Power M. Queenan J. Schulkin J. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 196-206Google Scholar). NAPNAP recognizes the importance of identifying these factors and incorporating culturally sensitive lactation care by assessing for cultural factors that can influence the mother in her breastfeeding decisions. Pediatric-focused APRNs must assess whether there are individual family members, community leaders, or environmental and societal factors at play that may be influencing the success of breastfeeding, resulting in a direct impact on initiation and duration of breastfeeding rates (Kimani-Murage et al., 2015Kimani-Murage E. Wekesah F. Wanjohi M. Kyobutungi C. Ezeh A. Musoke R. Griffiths P. Factors affecting actualization of the WHO breastfeeding recommendations in urban poor settings in Kenya.Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2015; 11: 314-332Google Scholar; Emergency Nutrition Network 2017Emergency Nutrition NetworkOperational guidance for emergency relief staff and programme managers, version 3.0. UNICEF, New York, NY: IFE Core Group2017https://www.ennonline.net/operationalguidance-v3-2017Google Scholar, World Health Organization & UNICEF 2017World Health Organization & UNICEFNurturing the health and wealth of nations: The investment case for breastfeeding global breastfeeding collective: Executive summary. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland2017http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/global-bf-collective-investmentcase/en/Google Scholar). In summary, NAPNAP, an organization whose mission is to empower PNPs, pediatric-focused APRNs, and their interprofessional partners to enhance child and family health through leadership, advocacy, professional practice, education, and research, acknowledges the importance of breastfeeding for infants, mothers, families, and society. Research has substantiated the significant medical, emotional, and economic benefits bestowed by breastfeeding (Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 2015Academy of Breastfeeding MedicinePosition statement on breastfeeding.Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015; 10: 407-411Google Scholar; American Academy of Pediatrics 2018American Academy of PediatricsAdvocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health.Pediatrics. 2018; 141: e1-e10Google Scholar; World Health Organization 2017World Health OrganizationInternational code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Update to 1981 recommendations. Author, Geneva, Switzerland2017http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/breastmilk-substitutes-FAQ2017/en/Google Scholar). NAPNAP strongly supports the role of the pediatric-focused APRN in supporting lactating mothers in achieving their breastfeeding goals for their children.
Referência(s)