Association Between Female Corresponding Authors and Female Co-Authors in Top Contemporary Cardiovascular Medicine Journals
2019; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 139; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circulationaha.118.037763
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresDavid Ouyang, Robert A. Harrington, Fátima Rodríguez,
Tópico(s)Sex and Gender in Healthcare
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 139, No. 8Association Between Female Corresponding Authors and Female Co-Authors in Top Contemporary Cardiovascular Medicine Journals Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAssociation Between Female Corresponding Authors and Female Co-Authors in Top Contemporary Cardiovascular Medicine Journals David Ouyang, MD, Robert A. Harrington, MD and Fatima Rodriguez, MD, MPH David OuyangDavid Ouyang David Ouyang, MD, Stanford University Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, 870 Quarry Rd Ext, Palo Alto, CA 94305. Email E-mail Address: [email protected] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). , Robert A. HarringtonRobert A. Harrington Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). and Fatima RodriguezFatima Rodriguez Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. (D.O., R.H., F.R.). Originally published19 Feb 2019https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037763Circulation. 2019;139:1127–1129Despite progress in the representation of women in medical training, women continue to be underrepresented in cardiology, medical literature, and leadership positions in academic medicine.1 While over 50% of matriculating medical students are women, they make up less than a quarter of US general cardiology fellowship trainees and 12% of practicing general cardiologists.1 In academic cardiology, female authors are underrepresented among authors in cardiology journals and authors of R01-funded research manuscripts.2 Identifying disparities in research productivity and acknowledgment can highlight barriers to female representation in academic cardiology leadership and academic promotion. Corresponding authors on manuscripts typically lead and organize research projects, and representation of female researchers in this role may be an important marker for female representation in academic cardiology. We hypothesized that female representation as corresponding authors lags behind overall representation in research, but that female researchers in corresponding authorship roles may be associated with more female representation in research manuscripts.Our analysis used a bibliometric approach to analyze the authorships of manuscripts from the 20 top impact cardiology journals of 2017. Using citation data extracted from PubMed by the Entrez database, we identified relevant manuscript and authorship data from all articles published in these journals in 2017. For all authors with a complete name listed, gender was determined by matching first name with gender using a previously validated Genderize database containing 216 286 distinct names across 79 countries and 89 languages.3 Author names not found in the Genderize database were compared with historical datasets from the US Social Security Administration, the US Census Bureau, and the North Atlantic Population Project to further match less common names.4 Sensitivity analyses were performed on the confidence of matching gender to name by excluding all nonconfident matches and by assuming extreme case scenarios of the gender distribution of unmatched names. These analyses did not significantly affect the study results. Student’s t test and χ2 test were used to determine significant differences between groups. Statistical analyses were performed using R 3.4.2 (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) and were based on 2-sided tests with a significance level of 0.05. This study was Institutional Review Board exempt using only pre-existing publicly available data. The data, analytic methods, and study materials has been made available for purposes of reproducing the results.3We extracted a total of 2379 articles from the top 20 impact cardiology journals of 2017 with full author names and corresponding authorship information on PubMed. Of 10 646 unique authors, we were able to match gender to 9597 (90.1%) authors. Of the 9597 unique authors, of which 2800 (29.2% were female). There were 445 single-author publications, of which only 67 (15.1%) manuscripts were written by a female author. Among publications with multiple authors, the majority of corresponding authors were the manuscript’s first author (98.6%) in the authorship list, with the remainder being the last author. While there was no difference in the number of coauthors between the manuscripts with female corresponding author and male corresponding author (9.2 versus 9.6, P=0.70), there were significantly more female coauthors when the corresponding author was female (1.8 versus 1.1 female authors, P<0.001). There was a similar difference in the number of female coauthors when only including authors with the highest confidence in matching name to gender (2.2 versus 0.7 female authors, P<0.001), as well as, sensitivity analyses in which we assume all unclassified names were male (1.8 versus 1.1 female authors, P<0.001) or when we assume all unclassified names were female (2.2 versus 1.3 female authors, P<0.001). Seventy-one percent of manuscripts with a female corresponding author had another female coauthor, while only 50% of manuscripts with a male corresponding author had a female coauthor (Figure, P<0.001). Manuscripts with female corresponding authors were also more likely to have female last authors (P=0.01).Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Proportion of manuscripts with a female coauthor by whether the corresponding author was female or male.Our study supports and extends prior work showing that women, particularly women in underrepresented medical specialties such as cardiology, are less likely to be represented in academic literature. This effect is mitigated in literature with women in leadership roles in research as shown by women as corresponding authors. When women served as corresponding author, they published manuscripts with more female last authors, are more likely to have female coauthors, and had more female authors. Previous literature has shown that lack of positive role models may be a reason for the underrepresentation of women in cardiology.5 Our study suggests that in a research setting, female investigators are likely also serving as mentors for other female researchers. Women in leadership positions in academic cardiology will in turn serve as positive role models to recruit and retain talented junior female investigators. In addition to recruiting more women into the field of cardiology, additional work is needed to identify and address barriers to academic advancement for female physician-scientists.Sources of FundingDr Ouyang is funded by a Translational Research and Applied Medicine Pilot Grant.DisclosuresNone.Footnoteshttps://www.ahajournals.org/journal/circData sharing: The data, analytic methods, and study materials have been made available for purposes of reproducing the results.2David Ouyang, MD, Stanford University Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, 870 Quarry Rd Ext, Palo Alto, CA 94305. Email [email protected]eduReferences1. Rodgers GP, Conti JB, Feinstein JA, Griffin BP, Kennett JD, Shah S, Walsh MN, Williams ES, Williams JL. ACC 2009 survey results and recommendations: Addressing the cardiology workforce crisis A report of the ACC board of trustees workforce task force.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54:1195–1208. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.001CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Lerchenmüller C, Lerchenmueller MJ, Sorenson O. Long-term analysis of sex differences in prestigious authorships in cardiovascular research supported by the National Institutes of Health.Circulation. 2018; 137:880–882. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032325LinkGoogle Scholar3. Ouyang D. GitHub.https://github.com/douyang/. Accessed November 23, 2018.Google Scholar4. Blevins C, Mullen L. “Jane, John … Leslie? A Historical Method for Algorithmic Gender Prediction,” Digital Humanities Quarterly 9, no. 3 (2015).http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/9/3/000223/000223.html. Accessed November 23, 2018.Google Scholar5. Douglas PS, Rzeszut AK, Bairey Merz CN, Duvernoy CS, Lewis SJ, Walsh MN, Gillam L; American College of Cardiology Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion and American College of Cardiology Women in Cardiology Council. Career preferences and perceptions of cardiology among US internal medicine trainees: factors influencing cardiology career choice.JAMA Cardiol. 2018; 3:682–691. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1279CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByBlumer V, Zhbannikov I and Douglas P (2023) Contributions of Women to Cardiovascular Science Over Two Decades: Authorship, Leadership, and Mentorship, Journal of the American Heart Association, 12:5, Online publication date: 7-Mar-2023. Vasti E, Ouyang D, Ngo S, Sarraju A, Harrington R and Rodriguez F (2021) Gender Disparities in Cardiology-Related COVID-19 Publications, Cardiology and Therapy, 10.1007/s40119-021-00234-6, 10:2, (593-598), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2021. Lopes M, Brasil D and Oliveira G (2021)(2021)(2021)(2021) Research and Publication in Brazil: Where we are and Where we Head to, International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences, 10.36660/ijcs.20200004, 34:2, (231-235), Online publication date: 5-Mar-2021., Online publication date: 5-Mar-2021., ., . Shah S, Dam R, Milano M, Edmunds L, Henderson L, Hartley C, Coxall O, Ovseiko P, Buchan A and Kiparoglou V (2021) Gender parity in scientific authorship in a National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre: a bibliometric analysis, BMJ Open, 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037935, 11:3, (e037935), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021. Reza N, Tahhan A, Mahmud N, DeFilippis E, Alrohaibani A, Vaduganathan M, Greene S, Ho A, Fonarow G, Butler J, O’Connor C, Fiuzat M, Vardeny O, Piña I, Lindenfeld J and Jessup M (2020) Representation of Women Authors in International Heart Failure Guidelines and Contemporary Clinical Trials, Circulation: Heart Failure, 13:8, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2020. Vranas K, Ouyang D, Lin A, Slatore C, Sullivan D, Kerlin M, Liu K, Baron R, Calfee C, Ware L, Halpern S, Matthay M, Herridge M, Mehta S and Rogers A (2020) Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 10.1164/rccm.201910-1957OC, 201:7, (840-847), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020. Mamtani M, Shofer F, Mudan A, Khatri U, Walker R, Perrone J and Aysola J (2020) Quantifying gender disparity in physician authorship among commentary articles in three high-impact medical journals: an observational study, BMJ Open, 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034056, 10:2, (e034056), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Laycock H and Bailey C (2019) The influence of first author sex on acceptance rates of submissions to Anaesthesia Cases , Anaesthesia, 10.1111/anae.14797, 74:11, (1432-1438), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Briasoulis A and Alvarez P (2019) The synergy of diversity in cardiovascular research, Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.hjc.2019.03.002, 60:6, (355-356), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. February 19, 2019Vol 139, Issue 8 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2019 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037763PMID: 30779644 Originally publishedFebruary 19, 2019 Keywordswomen in cardiologyacademic cardiologygender disparitiesPDF download Advertisement SubjectsHealth ServicesQuality and Outcomes
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