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Neuroinflammation as a mechanism for cardiovascular diseases

2019; Elsevier BV; Volume: 288; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.003

1874-1754

Pradeep S. Rajendran, Peter Hanna, Ching Zhu, Kalyanam Shivkumar,

Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias

The stellate ganglia (SG) are the main source of sympathetic innervation to the heart and undergo remodeling in cardiovascular diseases, thereby contributing to disease progression [ 1 Fukuda K. Kanazawa H. Aizawa Y. Ardell J.L. Shivkumar K. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ. Res. 2015; 116: 2005-2019 Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar , 1 Fukuda K. Kanazawa H. Aizawa Y. Ardell J.L. Shivkumar K. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ. Res. 2015; 116: 2005-2019 Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar ]. Following myocardial infarction (MI), neurons within the SG undergo changes in morphology and phenotype [ 2 Ajijola O.A. Wisco J.J. Lambert H.W. Mahajan A. Stark E. Fishbein M.C. et al. Extracardiac neural remodeling in humans with cardiomyopathy. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2012; 5: 1010-1116 Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar , 2 Ajijola O.A. Wisco J.J. Lambert H.W. Mahajan A. Stark E. Fishbein M.C. et al. Extracardiac neural remodeling in humans with cardiomyopathy. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2012; 5: 1010-1116 Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar , 3 Kanazawa H. Ieda M. Kimura K. Arai T. Kawaguchi-Manabe H. Matsuhashi T. et al. Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 2010; 120: 408-421 Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar , 3 Kanazawa H. Ieda M. Kimura K. Arai T. Kawaguchi-Manabe H. Matsuhashi T. et al. Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 2010; 120: 408-421 Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar ] as well as alterations in their behavior [ 4 Zhou S. Jung B.C. Tan A.Y. Trang V.Q. Gholmieh G. Han S.W. et al. Spontaneous stellate ganglion nerve activity and ventricular arrhythmia in a canine model of sudden death. Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5: 131-139 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar , 4 Zhou S. Jung B.C. Tan A.Y. Trang V.Q. Gholmieh G. Han S.W. et al. Spontaneous stellate ganglion nerve activity and ventricular arrhythmia in a canine model of sudden death. Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5: 131-139 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar ]. Structurally, SG neurons enlarge after MI [ 2 Ajijola O.A. Wisco J.J. Lambert H.W. Mahajan A. Stark E. Fishbein M.C. et al. Extracardiac neural remodeling in humans with cardiomyopathy. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2012; 5: 1010-1116 Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar , 2 Ajijola O.A. Wisco J.J. Lambert H.W. Mahajan A. Stark E. Fishbein M.C. et al. Extracardiac neural remodeling in humans with cardiomyopathy. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 2012; 5: 1010-1116 Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar ] and undergo adrenergic-to-cholinergic transdifferentiation in heart failure [ 3 Kanazawa H. Ieda M. Kimura K. Arai T. Kawaguchi-Manabe H. Matsuhashi T. et al. Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 2010; 120: 408-421 Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar , 3 Kanazawa H. Ieda M. Kimura K. Arai T. Kawaguchi-Manabe H. Matsuhashi T. et al. Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 2010; 120: 408-421 Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar ]. Functionally, hyperactivity of the SG has been shown to precede the onset of ventricular arrhythmias following MI [ 4 Zhou S. Jung B.C. Tan A.Y. Trang V.Q. Gholmieh G. Han S.W. et al. Spontaneous stellate ganglion nerve activity and ventricular arrhythmia in a canine model of sudden death. Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5: 131-139 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar , 4 Zhou S. Jung B.C. Tan A.Y. Trang V.Q. Gholmieh G. Han S.W. et al. Spontaneous stellate ganglion nerve activity and ventricular arrhythmia in a canine model of sudden death. Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5: 131-139 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar ]. At the level of the heart, there are also changes in sympathetic innervation [ 5 Cao J.M. Fishbein M.C. Han J.B. Lai W.W. Lai A.C. Wu T.J. et al. Relationship between regional cardiac hyperinnervation and ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1960-1969 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Cao J.M. Fishbein M.C. Han J.B. Lai W.W. Lai A.C. Wu T.J. et al. Relationship between regional cardiac hyperinnervation and ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1960-1969 Crossref PubMed Scopus (387) Google Scholar ] and of sympathetic control of electrophysiology [ 6 Ajijola O.A. Lux R.L. Khahera A. Kwon O. Aliotta E. Ennis D.B. et al. Sympathetic modulation of electrical activation in normal and infarcted myocardium: implications for arrhythmogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2017; 312 (H608-H21) Google Scholar , 6 Ajijola O.A. Lux R.L. Khahera A. Kwon O. Aliotta E. Ennis D.B. et al. Sympathetic modulation of electrical activation in normal and infarcted myocardium: implications for arrhythmogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2017; 312 (H608-H21) Google Scholar ]. The remodeling of the SG, along with other neuronal populations within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) [ 7 Rajendran P.S. Nakamura K. Ajijola O.A. Vaseghi M. Armour J.A. Ardell J.L. et al. Myocardial infarction induces structural and functional remodelling of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. J. Physiol. 2016; 594: 321-341 Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar , 7 Rajendran P.S. Nakamura K. Ajijola O.A. Vaseghi M. Armour J.A. Ardell J.L. et al. Myocardial infarction induces structural and functional remodelling of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. J. Physiol. 2016; 594: 321-341 Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar ], plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases including arrhythmias and heart failure [ 1 Fukuda K. Kanazawa H. Aizawa Y. Ardell J.L. Shivkumar K. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ. Res. 2015; 116: 2005-2019 Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar , 1 Fukuda K. Kanazawa H. Aizawa Y. Ardell J.L. Shivkumar K. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ. Res. 2015; 116: 2005-2019 Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar ]. Thus, the SG have become an important therapeutic target. Unilateral left cardiac sympathetic denervation, for example, is an established, effective procedure to prevent life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with channelopathies [ 8 Schwartz P.J. Priori S.G. Cerrone M. Spazzolini C. Odero A. Napolitano C. et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1826-1833 Crossref PubMed Scopus (449) Google Scholar , 8 Schwartz P.J. Priori S.G. Cerrone M. Spazzolini C. Odero A. Napolitano C. et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1826-1833 Crossref PubMed Scopus (544) Google Scholar , 9 De Ferrari G.M. Dusi V. Spazzolini C. Bos J.M. Abrams D.J. Berul C.I. et al. Clinical management of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of left cardiac sympathetic denervation. Circulation. 2015; 131: 2185-2193 Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar , 9 De Ferrari G.M. Dusi V. Spazzolini C. Bos J.M. Abrams D.J. Berul C.I. et al. Clinical management of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of left cardiac sympathetic denervation. Circulation. 2015; 131: 2185-2193 Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar ], and bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation has emerged as a promising treatment for patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias [ 10 Vaseghi M. Barwad P. Malavassi Corrales F.J. Tandri H. Mathuria N. Shah R. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 69: 3070-3080 Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar , 10 Vaseghi M. Barwad P. Malavassi Corrales F.J. Tandri H. Mathuria N. Shah R. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation for refractory ventricular arrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 69: 3070-3080 Crossref PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar ]. The effects of interleukin 17A on left stellate ganglion remodeling are mediated by neuroimmune communication in normal structural heartsInternational Journal of CardiologyVol. 279PreviewIt is reported interleukin (IL)-17A, a classical proinflammatory cytokine, is implicated in neuroimmune-associated remodeling in neural plasticity and pathological conditions. However, the effect of IL-17A on left stellate ganglion (LSG) remodeling remains unclear. Full-Text PDF