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Horner Syndrome Caused by Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization

2019; Elsevier BV; Volume: 34; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1053/j.jvca.2019.06.031

1532-8422

Zhi-yao Zou, Yun-tai Yao,

Sympathectomy and Hyperhidrosis Treatments

THE RISK FACTORS, clinical manifestation, and preventive measures of Horner syndrome (HS) caused by internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization were explored. Electronic databases were searched to identify all case reports of HS caused by IJV catheterization. Two authors independently extracted literature characteristics, IJV catheterization method, clinical manifestations, and prognosis data. Twenty case reports (22 patients in total) were included, 18 of which were written in English and the other 2 in Chinese.Patients were between 19 months to 65 years old, and clinical manifestations included ptosis (n = 22), miosis (n = 21), anhidrosis (n = 8), enophthalmos (n = 3), and hoarseness (n = 1). Onset of HS manifestation ranged from a few hours to 19 days after the procedure. Eight patients with ptosis, 6 patients with miosis, and 1 patient with hoarseness recovered during follow-up. Of the 22 patients, 8 underwent more than 1 attempt of IJV catheterization. Six patients experienced accidental carotid artery puncture or hematoma formation during or after IJV catheterization. Ultrasound guidance was applied in 4 patients and anatomic landmark technique was used in the other 18 patients. The left IJV was catheterized in 3 patients, and the right IJV was catheterized in 19 patients.Repeated attempts of puncture, anatomic landmark technique, accidental carotid artery puncture, or hematoma formation may increase the possibility of HS. Ptosis and miosis are the most common manifestations of HS caused by IJV catheterization. THE RISK FACTORS, clinical manifestation, and preventive measures of Horner syndrome (HS) caused by internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization were explored. Electronic databases were searched to identify all case reports of HS caused by IJV catheterization. Two authors independently extracted literature characteristics, IJV catheterization method, clinical manifestations, and prognosis data. Twenty case reports (22 patients in total) were included, 18 of which were written in English and the other 2 in Chinese. Patients were between 19 months to 65 years old, and clinical manifestations included ptosis (n = 22), miosis (n = 21), anhidrosis (n = 8), enophthalmos (n = 3), and hoarseness (n = 1). Onset of HS manifestation ranged from a few hours to 19 days after the procedure. Eight patients with ptosis, 6 patients with miosis, and 1 patient with hoarseness recovered during follow-up. Of the 22 patients, 8 underwent more than 1 attempt of IJV catheterization. Six patients experienced accidental carotid artery puncture or hematoma formation during or after IJV catheterization. Ultrasound guidance was applied in 4 patients and anatomic landmark technique was used in the other 18 patients. The left IJV was catheterized in 3 patients, and the right IJV was catheterized in 19 patients. Repeated attempts of puncture, anatomic landmark technique, accidental carotid artery puncture, or hematoma formation may increase the possibility of HS. Ptosis and miosis are the most common manifestations of HS caused by IJV catheterization. HORNER SYNDROME (HS) is a neurologic syndrome characterized by ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis due to sympathetic nerve block or injury. The syndrome has been reported as a rare complication after internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization. The incidence of HS caused by IJV catheterization approximates less than 5%, according to various sources.1Ruesch S. Walder B. Tramer M.R. Complications of central venous catheters: Internal jugular versus subclavian access-a systematic review.Crit Care Med. 2002; 10: 454-460Crossref Scopus (471) Google Scholar The recovery course of HS caused by IJV catheterization is variable, from full recovery to permanent residual symptoms. The objective of the present review was to explore the risk factors, clinical manifestations, and preventive measures of HS caused by IJV catheterization. Relevant case reports were identified through computerized searches of Pubmed and Ovid databases until April 14, 2019, using different combinations of key words as follows: Horner [All Fields] AND ("syndrome" [MeSH Terms] OR "syndrome" [All Fields]) AND ("jugular veins" [MeSH Terms] OR ("jugular" [All Fields] AND "vein" [All Fields]) AND ("human" [MeSH Terms] AND "English" [lang]). The Chinese literature from the WANFANG, VIP, and CNKI databases also were searched (from their inception to April 14, 2019). All relevant case reports were included. Information such as literature characteristics, IJV puncture technique, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of HS caused by IJV catheterization were collected for analysis. Primary outcomes of interest included clinical manifestations, onset time, and clinical outcomes. Secondary outcomes of interest included puncture technique (anatomic landmark v ultrasound guidance), puncture attempts, and incidence of carotid artery injury or hematoma formation. Exclusion criteria included the following: (1) studies published as review article, (2) studies based on animal models, (3) duplicate publications, and (4) studies lacking outcomes of interest. Each author (Z.Y.Z. and Y.T.Y.) independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all identified reports for eligibility, with obviously ineligible ones excluded. The eligibility of those remaining reports for final inclusion was determined further by examining the full text. The following data from the included case reports were abstracted to a data collection form by each author independently: (1) author, year, and journal of publication; (2) total number of patients, sex, age, clinical manifestations; (3) IJV catheterization technique, incidence of carotid artery puncture or hematoma formation, and puncture attempts. Disagreements were resolved by discussion between both authors during the process of data abstraction. As depicted in the flowchart (Fig 1), the database search identified 25 potentially qualified articles. Twenty case reports2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar, 10Zamir E. Chowers I. Banin E. et al.Neurotrophic corneal endothelial failure complicating acute Horner syndrome.J Ophthalmol. 1999; 106: 1692-1696Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 11Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar, 12Suominen P.K. Korhonen A.M. Vaida S.J. et al.Horner's syndrome secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20: 304-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 13Alderson N. Gurbuz-Koz O. Atalay T. et al.A case of postganglionic Horner syndrome after catheterization of internal jugular vein confirmed with pharmacological tests.J Pediatr. 2008; 50: 391-394Google Scholar, 14Williams M.A. McAvoy C. Sharkey J.A. Horner's syndrome following attempted internal jugular venous cannulation.Eye (Lond). 2004; 18: 104-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 15Vaswani S. Garvin L. Matuschak G.M. Postganglionic Horner's syndrome after insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter through the internal jugular vein.Crit Care Med. 1991; 19: 1215-1216Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 17Davis P. Watson D. Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults.Anaesthesia. 1982; 37: 587-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 18Briscoe C.E. Bushman J.A. McDonald W.I. Extensive neurological damage after cannulation of internal jugular vein.Br Med J. 1974; 1: 314Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar (22 patients in total) were determined eligible and included, 18 of which were written in English and the other 2 in Chinese. Descriptive analyses of these cases were presented (Table 1).2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar,9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar, 10Zamir E. Chowers I. Banin E. et al.Neurotrophic corneal endothelial failure complicating acute Horner syndrome.J Ophthalmol. 1999; 106: 1692-1696Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 11Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar, 12Suominen P.K. Korhonen A.M. Vaida S.J. et al.Horner's syndrome secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20: 304-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar,14Williams M.A. McAvoy C. Sharkey J.A. Horner's syndrome following attempted internal jugular venous cannulation.Eye (Lond). 2004; 18: 104-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 15Vaswani S. Garvin L. Matuschak G.M. Postganglionic Horner's syndrome after insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter through the internal jugular vein.Crit Care Med. 1991; 19: 1215-1216Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 17Davis P. Watson D. Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults.Anaesthesia. 1982; 37: 587-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 18Briscoe C.E. Bushman J.A. McDonald W.I. Extensive neurological damage after cannulation of internal jugular vein.Br Med J. 1974; 1: 314Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 20Reddy G. Coombes A. Hubbard A.D. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Intens Care Med. 1998; 24: 194-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 21Buyuktortop N. Gurbuz-Koz O. Atalay T. et al.A case of postganglionic Horner syndrome after catheterization of internal jugular vein confirmed with pharmacological tests.Turkish J Pediatr. 2008; 50: 391-394PubMed Google Scholar, 22Zeligowsky A. Szold A. Seror D. et al.Horner syndrome: A rare complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Paediatr Anaesth. 1991; 15: 199Google Scholar The 22 patients were between 19 months and 65 years old. Onset time of HS manifestations ranged from a few hours after catheterization to 19 days later. One study17Davis P. Watson D. Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults.Anaesthesia. 1982; 37: 587-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar did not describe the HS onset time. Twenty-two patients developed ptosis2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar, 10Zamir E. Chowers I. Banin E. et al.Neurotrophic corneal endothelial failure complicating acute Horner syndrome.J Ophthalmol. 1999; 106: 1692-1696Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 11Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar, 12Suominen P.K. Korhonen A.M. Vaida S.J. et al.Horner's syndrome secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20: 304-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar,14Williams M.A. McAvoy C. Sharkey J.A. Horner's syndrome following attempted internal jugular venous cannulation.Eye (Lond). 2004; 18: 104-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 15Vaswani S. Garvin L. Matuschak G.M. Postganglionic Horner's syndrome after insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter through the internal jugular vein.Crit Care Med. 1991; 19: 1215-1216Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar,18Briscoe C.E. Bushman J.A. McDonald W.I. Extensive neurological damage after cannulation of internal jugular vein.Br Med J. 1974; 1: 314Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar; 21 developed miosis2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar, 10Zamir E. Chowers I. Banin E. et al.Neurotrophic corneal endothelial failure complicating acute Horner syndrome.J Ophthalmol. 1999; 106: 1692-1696Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 11Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar, 12Suominen P.K. Korhonen A.M. Vaida S.J. et al.Horner's syndrome secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20: 304-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar,14Williams M.A. McAvoy C. Sharkey J.A. Horner's syndrome following attempted internal jugular venous cannulation.Eye (Lond). 2004; 18: 104-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 15Vaswani S. Garvin L. Matuschak G.M. Postganglionic Horner's syndrome after insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter through the internal jugular vein.Crit Care Med. 1991; 19: 1215-1216Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar,18Briscoe C.E. Bushman J.A. McDonald W.I. Extensive neurological damage after cannulation of internal jugular vein.Br Med J. 1974; 1: 314Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar; 8 developed anhidrosis2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar,7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar,16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 22Zeligowsky A. Szold A. Seror D. et al.Horner syndrome: A rare complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Paediatr Anaesth. 1991; 15: 199Google Scholar; 3 developed enophthalmos,8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 16Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 19Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar and 1 developed hoarseness.17Davis P. Watson D. Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults.Anaesthesia. 1982; 37: 587-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar Eight patients with ptosis, 6 patients with miosis, and 1 patient with hoarseness recovered during follow-up. One study3Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar did not describe the outcome of patients who developed HS caused by IJV catheterization. Of the 22 patients, 8 underwent more than 1 attempt of IJV puncture. Six patients experienced accidental carotid artery puncture or hematoma formation during or after IJV puncture. Ultrasound guidance was applied in 4 patients, and the anatomical landmark technique was used in the other 18 patients. The left IJV was catheterized in 3 patients, and the right IJV was catheterized in 19 patients (Fig 2).Table 1General Condition of Patients and Horner Syndrome–Related ManifestationsCasesAgeSexClinical ManifestationOutcomesOccurrence TimePtosisMiosisAnhidrosisOtherAlrubaiy 20113Alrubaiy L. Khan A. Horner syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Emerg Med J. 2011; 28: 343Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar40MaleAfter 24 h√√√UndescribedZamir 199910Zamir E. Chowers I. Banin E. et al.Neurotrophic corneal endothelial failure complicating acute Horner syndrome.J Ophthalmol. 1999; 106: 1692-1696Scopus (14) Google Scholar38MaleHours later√√Corneal endothelial failed after 4 moReddy 199820Reddy G. Coombes A. Hubbard A.D. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Intens Care Med. 1998; 24: 194-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar33FemaleAfter 48 h√√Both ptosis and miosis partially resolved after 1 mo34FemaleA few days√√Ptosis decreased to 1 mm but was same degree of miosis after 7 moLozano 19832Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar38MaleUndescribed√√√HS persisted after 3 wkNowak 20154Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar32FemaleHours later√√Ptosis and miosis completely disappeared after 3 wkTrezzi 20136Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar51Female2 d later√√HS only modestly resolved after 12 moDu 20109Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google Scholar36FemaleAfter 48 h√√√Anhidrosis improved, miosis and ptosis resolved after 12 moHan 20108Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar4MaleAfter 72 h√√√EnophthalmosHS showed only a modest recovery after 8 wkAhmad 200811Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar17FemaleAfter 72 h√√Miosis and ptosis resolved after 4 wkSuominen 200812Suominen P.K. Korhonen A.M. Vaida S.J. et al.Horner's syndrome secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.J Clin Anesth. 2008; 20: 304-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar5MaleAfter 72 h√√HS resolved completely after 5 moBuyuktortop 200821Buyuktortop N. Gurbuz-Koz O. Atalay T. et al.A case of postganglionic Horner syndrome after catheterization of internal jugular vein confirmed with pharmacological tests.Turkish J Pediatr. 2008; 50: 391-394PubMed Google Scholar9FemaleAfter 24 h√√HS persisted after 12 wkFord 20075Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar19MFemaleHours later√√Miosis was present but markedly improved after 5 wkWilliams 200414Williams M.A. McAvoy C. Sharkey J.A. Horner's syndrome following attempted internal jugular venous cannulation.Eye (Lond). 2004; 18: 104-106Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar6FemaleHours later√√Miosis and ptosis improved after 18 dZeligowsky 199122Zeligowsky A. Szold A. Seror D. et al.Horner syndrome: A rare complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Paediatr Anaesth. 1991; 15: 199Google Scholar18MaleAfter 9 d√√√Anhidrosis improved, miosis and ptosis resolved after 10 wkVaswani 199115Vaswani S. Garvin L. Matuschak G.M. Postganglionic Horner's syndrome after insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter through the internal jugular vein.Crit Care Med. 1991; 19: 1215-1216Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar60FemaleAfter 4 d√√HS showed only a modest recovery after 10 wkTeich 198516Teich S.A. Halprin S.L. Tay S. Horner's syndrome secondary to Swan-Ganz catheterization.Am J Chin Med. 1985; 78: 168-170Scopus (25) Google Scholar65FemaleAfter 19 d√√√EnophthalmosHS improved after 8 wkDavis 198217Davis P. Watson D. Horner's syndrome and vocal cord paralysis as a complication of percutaneous internal jugular vein catheterisation in adults.Anaesthesia. 1982; 37: 587-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar58MaleUndescribed√√Hoarse voicePtosis completely disappeared and in hoarsness disappeared and after 3 mo43FemaleUndescribed√Ptosis persisted after 6 wkCohen 19807Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar36FemaleAfter 2 d√√√Anhidrosis improved and ptosis showed a modest recovery after 12 wkBriscoe 197418Briscoe C.E. Bushman J.A. McDonald W.I. Extensive neurological damage after cannulation of internal jugular vein.Br Med J. 1974; 1: 314Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar64MaleAfter 10 d√√Died of renal failure without describing HS-related symptoms after 4 wkParikh 197219Parikh R.K. Horner's syndrome: A complication of percutaneous catheterisation of internal jugular vein.Anaesthesia. 1972; 27: 327-329Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar3FemaleHours later√√√EnophthalmosPtosis still present after 4 moAbbreviations: HS, Horner syndrome; M, months. Open table in a new tab Fig 2Puncture-related information. CA, carotid artery.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Abbreviations: HS, Horner syndrome; M, months. The anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system supplying the eye is complex. First-order neurons begin in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area and then descend to the ciliospinal center between the cervical and thoracic spinal cords, where they form synapse.24Hyuckgoo K. Sun S. Gul J. A lateral paracarotid approach for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block with a linear probe.J Anesth. 2017; 4: 2354-2358Google Scholar Preganglionic neurons from this center cross the stellate ganglion and then, with the cervical part of sympathetic system, reach the superior cervical ganglion.4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar From there, postganglionic neurons travel to the eye socket. HS remains a rare but definitive complication of IJV catheterization, even in the era of ultrasound.25Butty Z. Gopwani J. Mehta S. et al.Horner's syndrome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have undergone central venous catheterization: A prospective study.Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 31-33Crossref Scopus (14) Google Scholar Only a few case reports have described HS caused by IJV catheterization. In one study1Ruesch S. Walder B. Tramer M.R. Complications of central venous catheters: Internal jugular versus subclavian access-a systematic review.Crit Care Med. 2002; 10: 454-460Crossref Scopus (471) Google Scholar comprising 40 patients, 5% of patients developed HS after IJV catheterization. The exact incidence of HS caused by IJV catheterization remains unknown, but could be underreported, especially in unconscious patients who received general anesthesia.4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar It is noteworthy that HS could develop in some patients who received apparently uncomplicated IJV catheterization.4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar Direct needle puncture of the cervical sympathetic trunk and compression of the sympathetic trunk or stellate ganglion by hematoma are 2 of the most common reasons for HS caused by IJV catheterization.5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 25Butty Z. Gopwani J. Mehta S. et al.Horner's syndrome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have undergone central venous catheterization: A prospective study.Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 31-33Crossref Scopus (14) Google Scholar The IJV puncture needle could directly injure the cervical sympathetic trunk, especially with repeated attempts. The incidence of HS also increases when puncturing at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra or lower than the ansa subclavia.23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar It is likely to puncture both the anterior and posterior walls of IJV during needle insertion, especially in hypovolemic patients.5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar Furthermore, if the needle punctures both the anterior and posterior walls of the IJV, leakage may occur during subsequent medication or fluid infusion, which may damage or compress the cervical sympathetic trunk.7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 22Zeligowsky A. Szold A. Seror D. et al.Horner syndrome: A rare complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Paediatr Anaesth. 1991; 15: 199Google Scholar Normally, the IJV runs on the anterolateral side of the cervical sympathetic trunk, so the possibility of cervical sympathetic trunk injury caused by direct needle puncture is low.8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar In addition, Alderson et al.26Alderson P.J. Burrows F.A. Stemp L.I. et al.Use of ultrasound to evaluate internal jugular vein anatomy and to facilitate central venous cannulation in paediatric patients.Br J Anaesth. 1993; 70: 145-148Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar reported overlapping of the carotid artery and IJV in 18% of children younger than 6 years, especially with head over-rotation position (angle >35-40 degrees).23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar Therefore, excessive rotation of the patient's head should be avoided, and the fact that there might be anatomic variations of the IJV always should be kept in mind when performing IJV catheterization using the anatomical landmark method. In 2011, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and Society of Cardiac Anesthesia (SCA) recommended that properly trained clinicians use real-time ultrasound during IJV cannulation whenever possible to improve cannulation success and reduce the incidence of complications associated with the insertion of large-bore catheters.27Troianos C.A. Hartman G.S. Glas K.E. et al.Guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011; 24: 1291-1318Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar Ultrasound can be used to examine both the tissue morphology and intravascular blood flow. Ultrasound guidance, which can increase the cannulation success rate markedly and reduce the risk of complications, is strongly advised to facilitate IJV catheterization.28Garcia E.G. Wijdicks E.F. Younge B.R. Neurologic complications associated with internal jugular vein cannulation in critically ill patients: A prospective study.J Neurol. 1994; 44: 951-952Google Scholar, 29Liberman L. Hordof A.J. Hsu D.T. et al.Ultrasound-assisted cannulation of the right internal jugular vein during electrophysiologic studies in children.J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2001; 5: 177-179Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar In the present review, 4 of 22 HS patients were catheterized under ultrasound guidance.4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 5Ford S. Lauder G. Case report of Horner's syndrome complicating internal jugular venous cannulation in a child.Paediatr Anaesth. 2007; 17: 396-398Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar Similarly, in a prospective cohort study by Butty et al., 2 of 100 patients developed HS after undergoing right IJV insertion, which were performed by trainees.25Butty Z. Gopwani J. Mehta S. et al.Horner's syndrome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have undergone central venous catheterization: A prospective study.Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 31-33Crossref Scopus (14) Google Scholar Therefore, whether ultrasound assistance could reduce the incidence of HS caused by IJV insertion needs to be investigated further. Because there is no definitive treatment for HS, prevention is of vital importance (Table 2). Of the 22 patients, 19 did not receive treatment for HS, and 3 patients received neurotrophic treatment (eg, vitamins) but with no outcomes reported.8Han Y.Q. Yao J.H. Chen Q.H. A case report of Horner syndrome caused by puncture catheterization of internal jugular vein.Jilin Med J. 2010; 70: 145-148Google Scholar, 9Du W.T. Jiang K. Wang J. Horner syndrome caused by internal jugular vein puncture in a patient with congenital heart disease.Chin J Misdiagn. 2010; 20: 304-306Google ScholarTable 2Recommended Measures to Minimize Horner Syndrome Caused by Internal Jugular Vein CatheterizationRecommended Measures1. Ultrasonic location–guided puncture6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar2. Repeat ultrasound examine during IJV puncture23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar3. Use high-resolution ultrasound4Nowak L.R. Duda K. Mizianty M. et al.Horner syndrome after unsuccessful venous port implantation by cannulation of the right internal jugular vein.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015; 47: 336-338Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar4. Avoid excessive head rotation during puncture; head rotation should be less than 40 degrees23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar5. Avoid large angle between needle and skin, especially high-enter puncture30Pither C. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein cannulation.Anaesthesia. 1983; 38: 171Crossref Scopus (2) Google Scholar6. Avoid repetitive attempts6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar7. Avoid deep insertion of puncture needle (for poorly developed children, insertion depth should be <1.5-2 cm)11Ahmad M. Hayat A. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein dialysis catheter insertion.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008; 19: 94-96Google Scholar8. Avoid injecting drugs, neurotoxic agents through IJV catheterization (calcium chloride, tetracycline, sodium bicarbonate, and massive transfusion)23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar, 26Alderson P.J. Burrows F.A. Stemp L.I. et al.Use of ultrasound to evaluate internal jugular vein anatomy and to facilitate central venous cannulation in paediatric patients.Br J Anaesth. 1993; 70: 145-148Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar9. Compress to avoid hematoma formation if injury carotid artery2Lozano A.M. Horner's syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterization.Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 129: 540PubMed Google Scholar, 6Trezzi M. Londrino F. Chiappini N. et al.Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome caused by jugular vein cannulation for chronic hemodialysis.J Vasc Access. 2013; 14: 305Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 7Cohen O. Ayalon A. Durst A.L. Horner's syndrome: A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation.Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1980; 7: 317-318Google Scholar, 23Sulek C.A. Gravenstein N. Blackshear R.H. et al.Head rotation during internal jugular vein cannulation and the risk of carotid artery puncture.Anesth Analg. 1996; 82: 125-128PubMed Google Scholar, 26Alderson P.J. Burrows F.A. Stemp L.I. et al.Use of ultrasound to evaluate internal jugular vein anatomy and to facilitate central venous cannulation in paediatric patients.Br J Anaesth. 1993; 70: 145-148Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google ScholarAbbreviation: IJV, internal jugular vein. Open table in a new tab Abbreviation: IJV, internal jugular vein. Repeated attempts of puncture, the anatomical landmark method, accidental carotid artery puncture, or hematoma formation may increase the incidence of HS. Ptosis and miosis are the most common manifestations of HS caused by IJV catheterization. There is no conflict of interest to declare. The authors thank Dr. Lu Zheng (Institute of Anesthesiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA) for his linguistic assistance during the preparation of this article.