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First Report of Rhizopus stolonifer Causing Fruit Rot in Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) in Mexico

2019; American Phytopathological Society; Volume: 103; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1094/pdis-02-19-0395-pdn

1943-7692

Raymundo Saúl García‐Estrada, Carlos López-Martínez, Raymundo Medina López, I. Márquez-Zequera, I. Cruz-Lachica,

Banana Cultivation and Research

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 11First Report of Rhizopus stolonifer Causing Fruit Rot in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in Mexico PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Rhizopus stolonifer Causing Fruit Rot in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in MexicoR. S. García-Estrada, J. C. López-Martínez, R. Medina-López, I. Márquez-Zequera, and I. Cruz-LachicaR. S. García-Estradahttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-8128Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Culiacán, México 80110, J. C. López-MartínezUniversidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México 80000, R. Medina-LópezUniversidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México 80000, I. Márquez-Zequerahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-5032Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Culiacán, México 80110, and I. Cruz-Lachica†Corresponding author: I. Cruz-Lachica; E-mail Address: isabel.cruz@estudiantes.ciad.mxhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-1278Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Culiacán, México 80110AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations R. S. García-Estrada1 J. C. López-Martínez2 R. Medina-López2 I. Márquez-Zequera1 I. Cruz-Lachica1 † 1Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Culiacán, México 80110 2Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México 80000 Published Online:4 Sep 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0395-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat The jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a popular tropical tree because its flowers, fruits, and seeds have nutritional properties. In Mexico, the jackfruit crop is produced on approximately 1,500 ha of land; Nayarit State accounts for 91% of the production. In the rainy season (May to September), which has a high relative humidity (80 to 90%), losses in fruit quality and quantity were observed because of a high incidence of a fungal disease. In July 2018, 10 young diseased fruits were collected in the state of Nayarit. Diseased fruits exhibited visible soft rot with cottony white mycelia with profuse black sporulation which, in some cases, covered the entire fruit and often contained a white fringe formed by young sporangia on the lesion edge. Isolation of the pathogen was attempted from decayed tissues. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) the colonies had diffuse, cottony mycelia (gray in color) that were hyaline and aseptate and grew at temperatures from 10 to 30°C. The sporangiophores developed in groups (3 to 5) that had simple rhizoids and stolons at their ends. The globose sporangia had an intense black color at maturity and were large with a size of 97.24 (58.28 to 151.85) µm, and the sporangiospores had a striated appearance that were brown in color, ranged from ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, and measured 6.76 (3.7–10.14) μm × 4.4 (2.92–6.46) μm (n = 100). Based on these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Lin et al. 2017). The 28S large ribosomal subunit (LSU) from three representative strains (M3RJF, M7RJF, and M10RJF) was amplified and sequenced in both directions with the oligonucleotides NL1 and LR3, in accordance with the protocol described by Cruz-Lachica et al. (2018). Alignments of these sequences (GenBank accession nos. MK070013, MK070014, and MK070015, respectively) showed 100% identity with several sequences of R. stolonifer (GenBank accession nos. KU729185, KX980504, and KY864343), and phylogenetic analysis supported the clustering of these sequences in a monophyletic clade. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on three healthy fruits at commercial maturity. The fruits were disinfected with ethyl alcohol (70%) and washed with distilled water; eight inoculation points were selected per fruit, and wounds were made with a sterile needle that were then inoculated with 30 µl of a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) from a pure, monosporic culture. Only distilled water was used in the control fruit. All fruits were stored in plastic bags with moistened paper to generate a humid condition at 25°C. The experiment was carried out twice. Two days after inoculation, soft rot symptoms were visible, and after 5 days, white mycelia and black sporangia had developed from brown lesions. The pathogen was reisolated from the lesion edge and corresponded to that used for inoculation. The control fruit remained healthy. Currently, three Rhizopus species have been reported to affect jackfruit in the tropics: R. oryzae, R. artocarpi, and R. stolonifer (Nelson 2005). R. stolonifer is an important phytopathogenic fungus because it causes losses in different crops such as cherry tomato, apple, strawberry, and jackfruit in India (Ghosh et al. 2015; Lin et al. 2017). To our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot in jackfruit caused by R. stolonifer in Mexico.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Cruz-Lachica, I., et al. 2018. Fungal Biol. 122:810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.008 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarGhosh, R., et al. 2015. Biol. Control 83:29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.12.020 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarLin, C. P., et al. 2017. Plant Dis. 101:254. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1033-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarNelson, S. 2005. UH-CTAHR. PD-29:1. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-29.pdf Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 11 November 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionAdvanced symptoms of bacterial blotch disease on mushroom caps (Osdaghi et al.). Photo credit: C. Bull. Powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces neosalviae on Salvia fruticosa (Soylu et al.). Photo credit: S. Soylu. Metrics Article History Issue Date: 4 Nov 2019Published: 4 Sep 2019First Look: 4 Jul 2019Accepted: 2 Jul 2019 Pages: 2957-2957 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsfungitree fruitstropical plantspathogen detectionThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited byRhizopus stolonifer (bulb rot)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumEffectiveness of neutral electrolyzed water and copper oxychloride on fungi spores isolated from tropical fruitsHeliyon, Vol. 7, No. 9