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First Report of Colletotrichum aeschynomenes Causing Anthracnose in Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Brazil
2019; American Phytopathological Society; Volume: 103; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1094/pdis-11-18-2047-pdn
ISSN1943-7692
AutoresAntonio D. Nascimento, Mayara Oliveira de Lima, Frederico Monteiro Feijó, Jaime Honorato Júnior, Roberto Ramos‐Sobrinho, Iraíldes Pereira Assunção, Gaus Silvestre de Andrade Lima,
Tópico(s)Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
ResumoHomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 12First Report of Colletotrichum aeschynomenes Causing Anthracnose in Cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum aeschynomenes Causing Anthracnose in Cacao (Theobroma cacao) in BrazilAntonio D. Nascimento, Mayara O. Lima, Frederico M. Feijó, Jaime H. Júnior, Roberto R. Sobrinho, Iraildes P. Assunção, and Gaus S. A. LimaAntonio D. NascimentoSetor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil, Mayara O. LimaSetor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil, Frederico M. Feijó†Corresponding author: F. M. Feijó; E-mail Address: fredericofeijo@live.comhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-2070Setor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil, Jaime H. JúniorDepartamento de Fitopatologia e Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barra, BA, 47100-000, Brazil, Roberto R. Sobrinhohttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7280-3916Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil, Iraildes P. AssunçãoSetor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil, and Gaus S. A. LimaSetor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil AffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Antonio D. Nascimento1 Mayara O. Lima1 Frederico M. Feijó1 † Jaime H. Júnior2 Roberto R. Sobrinho3 Iraildes P. Assunção1 Gaus S. A. Lima1 1Setor de Fitossanidade/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil 2Departamento de Fitopatologia e Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barra, BA, 47100-000, Brazil 3Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil Published Online:14 Oct 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2047-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Cacao (Theobroma cacao L., family Malvaceae) is of great economic importance for Brazil, where it is almost exclusively exploited for cocoa bean production, which is used as a raw material in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, for which the main product is chocolate (Sereno et al. 2006). Anthracnose, considered a limiting factor for production, has worldwide distribution and is characterized by necrotic spots starting in the apex and evolving through the leaf blade. The disease has been associated to species of Colletotrichum, and it can affect the branches, leaves, and fruits in any development phase of the plant (Sodré 2017). In October 2016, leaves presenting symptoms of anthracnose were obtained from cacao plants located in Igrapiúna city, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. At the laboratory were performed indirect isolation and production of monosporic cultures in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C and 12-h photoperiod. Cultures were deposited in the Coleção de Organismos Fitopatogênicos da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (COUFAL0174, COUFAL0175, and COUFAL0176). Colonies grown in PDA presented cottony aerial mycelium, coloration that was light gray on the upper part and gray on the bottom part, and an average mycelial growth index of 5.8 mm/day. Conidia were cylindrical, straight, tapering slightly near both ends, hyaline, and aseptate, with length and width dimensions (50 conidia) of 13.0 to 18.9 μm (mean 15.19 μm) and 3.4 to 5.4 μm (mean 4.73 μm), respectively. The morphological characteristics coincide with those described for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu latu (Weir et al. 2012). To confirm the identification of the isolates, partial sequences of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), calmodulin (CAL), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2), and actin (ACT) were obtained and deposited in GenBank (nos. MH263672 to MH263683). The sequences showed 99% (CAL, GAPDH, and TUB2) and 100% (ACT) similarity with the corresponding C. aeschynomenes sequences from the culture collection ICMP 17673 (ex-type). Furthermore, the isolates of the present study grouped with the C. aeschynomenes species with level of support 1 in a phylogenetic Bayesian inference tree using concatenated sequences (study S22667 deposited in TreeBASE). Pathogenicity was confirmed in detached leaves removed from cocoa seedlings maintained in a greenhouse. A suspension of 106 conidia/ml was prepared from a 7-day-old culture (grown at 25°C). Inoculations were performed by depositing 30-µl drops in four equidistant dots on the leaves. In the control treatment, only sterilized distilled water was used. The leaves were maintained in a humid chamber for 2 days at 25°C. After 7 days, depressed and necrotic lesions were observed in 100% of the inoculated leaves. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the C. aeschynomenes fungus was successfully reisolated from the inoculated leaves. No symptoms were observed in the control treatment. Many species of Colletotrichum have been reported in cacao, but none with similar genetic characteristics to C. aeschynomenes. This species was reported only in Aeschynomene virginica (weed from the Fabaceae family) in the United States (Weir et al. 2012) and Manihot esculenta in Thailand (Sangpueak et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. aeschynomenes causing anthracnose in cacao in the world.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Sangpueak, R., et al. 2018. J. Phytopathol. 166:129. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12669 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarSereno, M. L., et al. 2006. Conserv. Genet. 7:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-7568-0 Google ScholarSodré, G. A. 2017. Page 103 in: Cultivo do Cacaueiro no Estado da Bahia. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Google ScholarWeir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 12 December 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionChlorotic symptom of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis infected by PMMoV-QJ (Wen et al.). Photo credit: M. F. Zhao. Symptoms of Puccinia triticina on wheat (Brar et al.). Photo credit: G. S. Brar. Metrics Downloaded 2,412 times Article History Issue Date: 21 Nov 2019Published: 14 Oct 2019First Look: 31 Jul 2019Accepted: 23 Jul 2019 Pages: 3284-3284 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordscacao diseasesfungietiologyThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited ByInteractive and Dynamic Effects of Rootstock and Rhizobiome on Scion Nutrition in Cacao Seedlings18 November 2021 | Frontiers in Agronomy, Vol. 3Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status29 September 2021 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 110, No. 1Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l. causes an outbreak of anthracnose of cacao in Ghana10 June 2021 | South African Journal of Plant and Soil, Vol. 20First Report of Colletotrichum aeschynomenes and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Myrciaria dubia in BrazilK. S. Matos, J. F. Machado, P. C. Chagas, R. H. S. Siqueira, G. F. Silva, M. S. Xavier Filha, H. E. Lima-Primo, and E. A. Chagas22 July 2020 | Plant Disease, Vol. 104, No. 9
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