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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength
2018; American Physiological Society; Volume: 124; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2017
ISSN8750-7587
AutoresRômulo Bertuzzi, Arthur F. Gáspari, Lucas Rosiello Trojbicz, Marcos David Silva‐Cavalcante, Adriano Eduardo Lima‐Silva, François Billaut, Olivier Girard, Grégoire P. Millet, Arthur Henrique Bossi, James Hopker, Domingos R. Pandeló, Timothy J. Fulton, Hunter L. Paris, Robert F. Chapman, Gregory J. Grosicki, Kevin A. Murach, Thomas J. Hureau, Stéphane Dufour, Fabrice Favret, Nicholas T. Kruse, Andrea Nicolò, Massimo Sacchetti, Marinei Lopes Pedralli, Fabiano Aparecido Pinheiro, Valmor Tricoli, Cayque Brietzke, Flávio Oliveira Pires, Gareth N. Sandford, Simon Pearson, Andrew E. Kilding, Angus Ross, Paul B. Laursen, Anderson Luiz Bezerra da Silveira, Emerson L. Olivares, Fernando A. C. Seara, Rodrigo Miguel‐dos‐Santos, Thássio Mesquita, Sudarshan R. Nelatury, Mary Vagula,
Tópico(s)Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
ResumoViewpointCommentaries on Viewpoint: Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strengthPublished Online:26 Feb 2018https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2017MoreSectionsPDF (98 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat RESISTANCE TRAINING AND EXERCISE TOLERANCE DURING HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE: CAN WE MOVE FROM THE LABORATORY TO THE TRACK?Romulo Bertuzzi,1 Arthur F. Gáspari,1 Lucas R. Trojbicz,1 Marcos D. Silva-Cavalcante,12 and Adriano E. Lima-Silva23.Author Affiliations1Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.2Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.3Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil.to the editor: A consistent increase in endurance performance has often been observed after resistance training (RT) (4). Based on the critical power (CP) concept, Denadai and Greco (1) recently proposed an interesting model to explain this RT-induced improvement in endurance performance. According to these authors, the gains (35–60%) in the curvature constant of the power-duration hyperbola (W′) could explain the performance improvements during constant-workload exercises performed above the CP after a RT program. However, it is important to highlight that during most athletic events, the intensity of the exercise is not previously fixed, but self-selected by the athletes. The intensity distribution during middle- and long-distance running races has often been characterized by a U-shaped pacing profile, with start and finish intensities being higher than in the middle part of the race (5). This U-shaped pacing makes the W′ use more complex, because athletes might switch from one exercise intensity domain to another throughout the race (3). This could indicate that the increase in W′ with RT might be more relevant for some specific parts of the race, in which athletes perform at intensities above the CP, such as during the fast start and the final sprint. This suggestion is in agreement with previous findings showing that RT can counteract fatigue during the last part of a running race (2). Therefore, further research in this exciting area is necessary to elucidate the influence of RT on W′ and its possible relationship with changes in specific parts of self-paced, real races.References1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Damasceno MV, Lima-Silva AE, Pasqua LA, Tricoli V, Duarte M, Bishop DJ, Bertuzzi R. Effects of resistance training on neuromuscular characteristics and pacing during 10-km running time trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 115: 1513–1522, 2015. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3130-z. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi RC, Pires FO, Barros RV, Gagliardi JF, Hammond J, Kiss MA, Bishop DJ. Effect of performance level on pacing strategy during a 10-km running race. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 1045–1053, 2010. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1300-6. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Støren O, Helgerud J, Støa EM, Hoff J. Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 1087–1092, 2008. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318168da2f. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Tucker R, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. An analysis of pacing strategies during men’s world-record performances in track athletics. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 1: 233–245, 2006. doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.3.233. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Damasceno MV, Lima-Silva AE, Pasqua LA, Tricoli V, Duarte M, Bishop DJ, Bertuzzi R. Effects of resistance training on neuromuscular characteristics and pacing during 10-km running time trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 115: 1513–1522, 2015. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3130-z. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi RC, Pires FO, Barros RV, Gagliardi JF, Hammond J, Kiss MA, Bishop DJ. Effect of performance level on pacing strategy during a 10-km running race. Eur J Appl Physiol 108: 1045–1053, 2010. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1300-6. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Støren O, Helgerud J, Støa EM, Hoff J. Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 1087–1092, 2008. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318168da2f. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Tucker R, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. An analysis of pacing strategies during men’s world-record performances in track athletics. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 1: 233–245, 2006. doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.3.233. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarCOMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINT: HYPOXIA COULD FURTHER ENHANCE PERIPHERAL MUSCLE ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING AND BOOST W′François Billaut,1 Oliver Girard,2 and Grégoire P. Millet3.Author Affiliations1Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.2Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.3Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.to the editor: We appreciate the Viewpoint of Denadai and Greco (1) questioning the physiological mechanisms by which resistance training may increase the amount of work performed in the severe-intensity domain (W′) and, thereby, exercise tolerance. This enhancement of exercise capacity may be related to improvement in buffer capacity and/or reduction in group III/IV afferent sensitivity subsequent to resistance training. In our opinion, the use of hypoxia as an ergogenic tool can further boost these peripheral adaptations to promote greater or faster improvement in W′. We have demonstrated that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) leads to greater gains in muscle hypertrophy (4) and maximal strength (3, 4) compared with similar training in normoxia, contributing to enhanced exercise tolerance at a given intensity. Evidences show that the low tissue O2 partial pressure accelerates metabolite accumulation (e.g., blood lactate, growth hormone) and gene transcription (e.g., hypoxia-inducible factors, mammalian target of rapamycin), leading to earlier and greater recruitment of higher-threshold motor units (4). Furthermore, the hypoxia-induced vasodilation and subsequent microvascular O2 delivery may cause type II muscle fibers to behave more like their oxydatively efficient type I counterparts (2). This would potentially attenuate peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue and augment the sensory tolerance limit. Despite that W′ was recently shown to remain unchanged up to a simulated altitude of ∼4,000 m (5), one may speculate that RTH would affect it positively. Future research could elucidate the “optimal” characteristics for successful implementation in athletic and patient populations to further enhance exercise capacity and quality of life.References1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Faiss R, Léger B, Vesin J-M, Fournier P-E, Eggel Y, Dériaz O, Millet GP. Significant molecular and systemic adaptations after repeated sprint training in hypoxia. PLoS One 8: e56522, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056522. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Inness MWH, Billaut F, Walker EJ, Petersen AC, Sweeting AJ, Aughey RJ. Heavy resistance training in hypoxia enhances 1RM squat performance. Front Physiol 7: 502, 2016. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00502. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Manimmanakorn A, Manimmanakorn N, Taylor R, Draper N, Billaut F, Shearman JP, Hamlin MJ. Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 113: 1767–1774, 2013. doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2605-z. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Townsend NE, Nichols DS, Skiba PF, Racinais S, Périard JD. Prediction of critical power and W′ in hypoxia: application to work-balance modelling. Front Physiol 8: 180, 2017. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00180. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Faiss R, Léger B, Vesin J-M, Fournier P-E, Eggel Y, Dériaz O, Millet GP. Significant molecular and systemic adaptations after repeated sprint training in hypoxia. PLoS One 8: e56522, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056522. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Inness MWH, Billaut F, Walker EJ, Petersen AC, Sweeting AJ, Aughey RJ. Heavy resistance training in hypoxia enhances 1RM squat performance. Front Physiol 7: 502, 2016. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00502. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Manimmanakorn A, Manimmanakorn N, Taylor R, Draper N, Billaut F, Shearman JP, Hamlin MJ. Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 113: 1767–1774, 2013. doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2605-z. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Townsend NE, Nichols DS, Skiba PF, Racinais S, Périard JD. Prediction of critical power and W′ in hypoxia: application to work-balance modelling. Front Physiol 8: 180, 2017. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00180. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarTIME TO MOVE BEYOND THE CRITICAL POWER PARADIGMArthur Henrique Bossi, and James Hopker.Author AffiliationsSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kent, Chatham Maritime Chatham, Kent, England.to the editor: We commend Denadai and Greco (3) for proposing the need to investigate alternative mechanisms for the enhancement of endurance performance following a period of resistance training. Denadai and Greco (3) suggest the physiological adaptations to resistance training could increase W′ and thus lead to increased exercise tolerance in the severe-intensity domain. However, this discussion seems premature when the basic tenets of the critical power model and the underpinning mechanisms related to critical power and W′ remain to be firmly established. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the critical power concept is based on the mathematical relationship between power and time, and so it is problematic to associate it with specific physiological parameters. Indeed, Denadai and Greco’s own research challenges the basis of W′ as a fixed amount of work that can be performed at intensities above critical power by suggesting that it increases depending on the nature of its expenditure (2). Accordingly, despite the 3-min all-out test having a sound theoretical background (1), it overestimates critical power and performance in competitive cyclists (4), suggesting performance is a complex phenomenon that cannot be entirely predicted by a two-variable model. Furthermore, Salam and coworkers (5) recently showed mental fatigue reduced time to exhaustion proportionally across different exercise durations, indicating a decrease in W′ by purely psychological factors (5). In light of the recent findings (5), and some inconsistencies already recognized (2, 4), we wonder whether there is enough evidence to move beyond the critical power paradigm to articulate new hypotheses.References1. Burnley M, Doust JH, Vanhatalo A. A 3-min all-out test to determine peak oxygen uptake and the maximal steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 1995–2003, 2006. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Dekerle J, de Souza KM, de Lucas RD, Guglielmo LG, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Exercise tolerance can be enhanced through a change in work rate within the severe intensity domain: work above critical power is not constant. PLoS One 10: e0138428, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138428. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Nicolò A, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Parameters of the 3-minute all-out test: overestimation of competitive-cyclist time-trial performance in the severe-intensity domain. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12: 655–661, 2017. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0111. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Salam H, Marcora SM, Hopker JG. The effect of mental fatigue on critical power during cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 118: 85–92, 2018. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3747-1. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Burnley M, Doust JH, Vanhatalo A. A 3-min all-out test to determine peak oxygen uptake and the maximal steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 1995–2003, 2006. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000232024.06114.a6. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Dekerle J, de Souza KM, de Lucas RD, Guglielmo LG, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Exercise tolerance can be enhanced through a change in work rate within the severe intensity domain: work above critical power is not constant. PLoS One 10: e0138428, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138428. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Nicolò A, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Parameters of the 3-minute all-out test: overestimation of competitive-cyclist time-trial performance in the severe-intensity domain. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12: 655–661, 2017. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0111. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Salam H, Marcora SM, Hopker JG. The effect of mental fatigue on critical power during cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 118: 85–92, 2018. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3747-1. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarCOMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINTDomingos R. Pandeló Jr..Author AffiliationsFederal University of São Paulo Centro de Alta Performance (High Performance Center).to the editor: The field of sports science is relatively new and so many points are yet to be elucidated and resolved. The proposal to present my views on the work in question (3) seemed tempting. Every vision and integrative analysis seems to me to be extremely valid in the area of sport, precisely because performance is a function of several components (2). I thought of pursuing an approach more closely linked to pure physics, biomechanics, or biochemistry. However, what struck me most was that a paper used by the authors (1) presents some flaws in the interpretation of the data. Table 2, of the article (1), for example, analyzing effect size, pre and post intervention, results in a very different vision from the authors. Hence my question: to what extent are many of our discussions anchored in misinterpretations? Is it not time to take a step back and do a major review of the main works to verify how much we can rely on the conclusions obtained by that analysis of the data?References1. Bishop D, Jenkins DG. The influence of resistance training on the critical power function & time to fatigue at critical power. Aust J Sci Med Sport 28: 101–105, 1996. PubMed | Google Scholar2. Calvert TW, Banister EW, Savage MV, Back T. A system model of effects of training on physical performance. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC-6: 94–102, 1976. doi:10.1109/TSMC.1976.5409179.Crossref | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Bishop D, Jenkins DG. The influence of resistance training on the critical power function & time to fatigue at critical power. Aust J Sci Med Sport 28: 101–105, 1996. PubMed | Google Scholar2. Calvert TW, Banister EW, Savage MV, Back T. A system model of effects of training on physical performance. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern SMC-6: 94–102, 1976. doi:10.1109/TSMC.1976.5409179.Crossref | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google ScholarCOMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINTTimothy J. Fulton, Hunter L. Paris, and Robert F. Chapman.Author AffiliationsIndiana University.to the editor: The work by Denadai and Greco (2) proposes several possible mechanisms for resistance training to improve W′ and exercise tolerance, but several questions remain unanswered. For example, the type of resistance training utilized may determine the magnitude of alterations in W′, as discrepant results exist on the influence of heavy vs. explosive resistance exercise (1, 4). Furthermore, the long-term impact of concurrent training (i.e., strength + aerobic) on W′ is unknown. Although a 2008 review (5) on concurrent training supports the authors’ conclusions, the longest intervention included in the review lasted 14 wk. The influence of resistance training on W′ beyond 14 wk and throughout a training and competitive sports season remains unclear. We wonder how a long-term dose of resistance training affects W′ and performance gains, especially in comparison to a long-term dose of traditional endurance training. Additionally, as Berryman et al. (1) used subjects with no history of strength training, we wonder if improvements in W′ occur for individuals who already utilize resistance training or if there are diminishing returns such that increasing the dose results in lesser performance gains. Finally, the appropriate endurance athlete population must be considered. While the authors correctly include 800–3,000 m athletes in their discussion, we caution the reader not to extend the application to those running longer than ~30 min, as this results in an intensity lower than critical speed and thus theoretically no utilization of D′ (3).References1. Berryman N, Maurel DB, Bosquet L. Effect of plyometric vs. dynamic weight training on the energy cost of running. J Strength Cond Res 24: 1818–1825, 2010. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181def1f5. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Poole DC, Burnley M, Vanhatalo A, Rossiter HB, Jones AM. Critical power: an important fatigue threshold in exercise physiology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48: 2320–2334, 2016. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Sedano S, Marín PJ, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC. Concurrent training in elite male runners: the influence of strength versus muscular endurance training on performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 27: 2433–2443, 2013. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280cc26. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Yamamoto LM, Lopez RM, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM. The effects of resistance training on endurance distance running performance among highly trained runners: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 22: 2036–2044, 2008. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f2f0. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Berryman N, Maurel DB, Bosquet L. Effect of plyometric vs. dynamic weight training on the energy cost of running. J Strength Cond Res 24: 1818–1825, 2010. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181def1f5. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Poole DC, Burnley M, Vanhatalo A, Rossiter HB, Jones AM. Critical power: an important fatigue threshold in exercise physiology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48: 2320–2334, 2016. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Sedano S, Marín PJ, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC. Concurrent training in elite male runners: the influence of strength versus muscular endurance training on performance outcomes. J Strength Cond Res 27: 2433–2443, 2013. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280cc26. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Yamamoto LM, Lopez RM, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM. The effects of resistance training on endurance distance running performance among highly trained runners: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 22: 2036–2044, 2008. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f2f0. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarFAST-TWITCH SPECIFIC MUSCLE FIBER ADAPTATIONS WITH RESISTANCE TRAINING MAY IMPROVE HIGH-INTENSITY AEROBIC EXERCISE TOLERANCEGregory J. Grosicki1 and Kevin A. Murach2.Author Affiliations1Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University, Boston, MA.2Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY.to the editor: A call for consideration of physiological mechanisms through which resistance training improves tolerance to high-intensity exercise was recently put forth (1). We speculate that the addition of resistance training to an endurance training regimen may condition fast-twitch muscle fibers to better tolerate high-intensity aerobic exercise, thereby improving performance. Superior endurance performance is not typically considered dependent on fast-twitch fibers, but intensified endurance training in competitive athletes results in fast-twitch specific morphological and functional deficits (2). Conversely, reduced training volume (taper) after heavy training appears to mediate performance enhancement by what is seemingly a compensatory rebound in fast-twitch size and power (5). Targeted improvements in fast-twitch muscle fiber size (and likely power) with resistance training (see supplementary table in Ref. 3) could help ameliorate fast-twitch specific decrements that can occur with heavy endurance training, thereby improving high-intensity exercise tolerance. Importantly, reducing aerobic training volume to account for supplementary resistance exercise-training might further optimize high-intensity work capacity (4). Enhanced high-intensity exercise tolerance in this scenario could admittedly be attributed to the avoidance of overtraining and general fatigue that can occur with high aerobic training volumes, but fast-twitch specific adaptations from resistance training should not be overlooked. Collectively, our hypothesis that resistance training supports improvements in high-intensity work capacity through fast-twitch specific muscle fiber adaptations is plausible and deserving of more detailed exploration.References1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Fitts RH, Costill DL, Gardetto PR. Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 66: 465–475, 1989. doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.465. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Murach K, Raue U, Wilkerson B, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Bagley J, Luden N, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber gene expression with run taper. PLoS One 9: e108547, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108547. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Sunde A, Støren O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 24: 2157–2165, 2010. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Trappe S, Costill D, Thomas R. Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 48–56, 2001. doi:10.1097/00005768-200101000-00009. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Fitts RH, Costill DL, Gardetto PR. Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 66: 465–475, 1989. doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.465. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Murach K, Raue U, Wilkerson B, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Bagley J, Luden N, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber gene expression with run taper. PLoS One 9: e108547, 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108547. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Sunde A, Støren O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 24: 2157–2165, 2010. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Trappe S, Costill D, Thomas R. Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 48–56, 2001. doi:10.1097/00005768-200101000-00009. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarCOMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINTThomas J. Hureau, Stéphane P. Dufour, and Fabrice Favret.Author AffiliationsUniversity of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory Strasbourg, France.to the editor: In their Viewpoint, Denadai and Greco (3) challenge the idea that resistance training improves middle-distance endurance exercise performance consecutive to alterations in running economy. Rather, they suggest that this improvement might be related to an increase in W′, a component of the power-time relationship (3). As a possible mechanism, they propose that a desensitization of group III/IV muscle afferents might occur following resistance training, leading to greater W′ while central fatigue would be reduced, resulting in exercise performance improvement (3). On the one hand, previous observation of a greater peripheral fatigue tolerance while central fatigue was unchanged following endurance training indirectly supports the idea that a desensitization of group III/IV muscle afferents might occur (5). On the other hand, studies using pharmacological attenuation of group III/IV muscle afferent feedback showed not only greater spinal motoneuronal output during cycling exercise (less central fatigue) but also reduced cardiovascular and respiratory response to exercise (less muscle O2 delivery leading to increased rate of peripheral fatigue), and failed, in fine, to show any improvement in exercise performance (1, 2). Accordingly, a desensitization of group III/IV muscle afferents is likely not the main mechanism responsible for the improved W′ during endurance exercise following resistance training. Alternatively, altered central processing of group III/IV muscle afferents (4) and/or increased muscle buffer capacity (3) are other potential mechanisms to explain an increase in W′. These mechanistic propositions are difficult to explore in humans but definitely require further investigations.References1. Amann M, Blain GM, Proctor LT, Sebranek JJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Implications of group III and IV muscle afferents for high-intensity endurance exercise performance in humans. J Physiol 589: 5299–5309, 2011. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213769. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Blain GM, Mangum TS, Sidhu SK, Weavil JC, Hureau TJ, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Richardson RS, Amann M. Group III/IV muscle afferents limit the intramuscular metabolic perturbation during whole body exercise in humans. J Physiol 594: 5303–5315, 2016. doi:10.1113/JP272283. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985); doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2017. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Hureau TJ, Romer LM, Amann M. The ‘sensory tolerance limit’: A hypothetical construct determining exercise performance? Eur J Sport Sci 18: 13–24, 2018. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Zghal F, Cottin F, Kenoun I, Rebaï H, Moalla W, Dogui M, Tabka Z, Martin V. Improved tolerance of peripheral fatigue by the central nervous system after endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 115: 1401–1415, 2015. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3123-y. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarReferences1. Amann M, Blain GM, Proctor LT, Sebranek JJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Implications of group III and IV muscle afferents for high-intensity endurance exercise performance in humans. J Physiol 589: 5299–5309, 2011. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213769. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Blain GM, Mangum TS, Sidhu SK, Weavil JC, Hureau TJ, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Richardson RS, Amann M. Group III/IV muscle afferents limit the intramuscular metabolic perturbation during whole body exercise in humans. J Physiol 594: 5303–5315, 2016. doi:10.1113/JP272283. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Denadai BS, Greco CC. Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: mo
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