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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish
2019; American Physiological Society; Volume: 127; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2019
ISSN8750-7587
AutoresGiuseppe Coratella, S. Longo, Emiliano Cè, Fabio Esposito, Yuri Campos, Miller P. Guimarães, Sandro Fernandes da Silva, Stéphane Dufour, Thomas J. Hureau, Marcel Lemire, Fabrice Favret, Steven J. Elmer, Paul C. LaStayo, Mathias Wernbom, Olivier Seynnes, Gøran Paulsen, Bastien Bontemps, Fabrice Vercruyssen, Mathieu Gruet, Julien Louis, Laurent Mourot, Mark Rakobowchuk, Benjamin Pageaux, Jonathan Tremblay, Luis Peñailillo, Kazunori Nosaka, Daniel Hahn, Brent J. Raiteri, Jakob Škarabot, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Joel A. Walsh, Darryl J. McAndrew, Romuald Lepers, Paul J. Stapley, Philipp Baumert, Robert M. Erskine, Pierre Clos,
Tópico(s)Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
ResumoViewpointCommentaries on Viewpoint: Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dishPublished Online:16 Sep 2019https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2019MoreSectionsPDF (130 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmail COMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINT: DISTINCT MODALITIES OF ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: DIFFERENT RECIPES, NOT THE SAME DISHGiuseppe Coratella,1 Stefano Longo,1 Emiliano Cè,12 and Fabio Esposito12.Author Affiliations1Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.2IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.to the editor: We read with interest the recent Viewpoint on the different eccentric exercise modalities (4), and we commend the authors for having raised this interesting topic. Since the eccentric-exercise family is variegated, characterizing each modality helps in identifying their specific intrinsic stimuli. However, a between-modality comparison is not an easy matter.Exercise volume is a key factor in resistance training. A recent meta-analysis showed comparable exercise volumes led to similar strength gains (5). When performing an isoweight eccentric exercise, the volume can be manipulated a priori, given the total number of repetitions and for each repetition the range of motion, time under tension, and intensity (i.e., the external load) (2). When performing an isokinetic eccentric exercise, the intensity depends on the subject’s ability to gradually or maximally perform each repetition. To possibly match the eccentric isoweight vs isokinetic exercise intensity, we previously calculated the maximal eccentric:concentric isokinetic ratio and then transferred such a ratio as a percentage of the maximal concentric isoweight load (i.e., %1-RM) (2). It resulted in comparable isoweight versus isokinetic training intensity and volume, which led to overall similar muscle strength and architecture changes (2, 3).To further entangle this picture, the eccentric phase of isoinertial exercise is preceded by a maximal explosive-concentric phase (1). Thus, isoinertial cannot be considered as a purely eccentric exercise because of the effects of the eccentric or concentric phase, or the combination of both.Therefore, encouraging new studies to compare isoweight versus isokinetic versus isoinertial eccentric training, we recommend a thorough exercise volume calculation for appropriate matching.REFERENCES1. Berg HE, Tesch A. A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat Space Environ Med 65: 752–756, 1994. PubMed | Google Scholar2. Coratella G, Milanese C, Schena F. Unilateral eccentric resistance training: A direct comparison between isokinetic and dynamic constant external resistance modalities. Eur J Sport Sci 15: 720–726, 2015. doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060264. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Coratella G, Milanese C, Schena F. Cross-education effect after unilateral eccentric-only isokinetic vs dynamic constant external resistance training. Sport Sci Health 11: 329–335, 2015. doi:10.1007/s11332-015-0244-y.Crossref | Google Scholar4. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar5. Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Davies TB, Lazinica B, Krieger JW, Pedisic Z. Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 48: 1207–1220, 2018. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Berg HE, Tesch A. A gravity-independent ergometer to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat Space Environ Med 65: 752–756, 1994. PubMed | Google Scholar2. Coratella G, Milanese C, Schena F. Unilateral eccentric resistance training: A direct comparison between isokinetic and dynamic constant external resistance modalities. Eur J Sport Sci 15: 720–726, 2015. doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060264. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Coratella G, Milanese C, Schena F. Cross-education effect after unilateral eccentric-only isokinetic vs dynamic constant external resistance training. Sport Sci Health 11: 329–335, 2015. doi:10.1007/s11332-015-0244-y.Crossref | Google Scholar4. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar5. Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Davies TB, Lazinica B, Krieger JW, Pedisic Z. Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 48: 1207–1220, 2018. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarDOES THE ISOINERTIAL METHOD ENHANCE THE EFFICIENCY OF ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION?Yuri de Almeida Costa Campos,12 Miller Pereira Guimarães,123 and Sandro Fernandes da Silva1.Author Affiliations1Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.2Postgraduate Program of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of the University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.3Presbyterian College Gammon, Lavras, Brazil.to the editor: We would like to comment on the Viewpoint by Franchi and Maffiuletti (1). Before force gains, stimuli applied to the locomotive apparatus will unleash muscle injuries, resulting in a reorganization that will increase muscle mass, and consequently strength production, which is characterized as an adaptation to training. The influence of these injuries on strength performance, as well as the questioning of what is most adequate (or not) for better adaptation of the muscle to training, is a subject of great interest in the area of sports science. Eccentric muscle action is responsible for increased muscle tension related to the ability to withstand higher loads, producing more force and consequently causing more muscular microinjuries, and Z-line disruptions. The development of methods of training eccentric action has been studied, and currently the isoinertial method has been one of the most used alternatives to using a constant load with a greater workload when compared with the traditional method, since it uses the braking action which allows greater neuromuscular responses with a lower joint and ligament impact. Recent studies have shown that eccentric workload through the isoinertial method causes important neuromuscular adaptations such as increased force and muscular power, as well as relevant hypertrophic responses. The development of isoinertial training is attractive when the goal is neuromuscular responses through specific movements. However, sports science still has to find financially applicable alternatives to allow for greater development of the isoinertial method.REFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google ScholarMODERATE LOAD ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: A FOURTH MODALITY OF ECCENTRIC EXERCISE?Stéphane P. Dufour, Thomas J. Hureau, Marcel Lemire, and Fabrice Favret.Author AffiliationsUniversity of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, FMTS (Federation for Translational Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France.to the editor: Experimental evidence emphasizes that acute and chronic physiological responses to eccentric exercise might be specific to the type of eccentric muscle work being done (2). Franchi and Maffiuletti propose three distinct typologies of eccentric resistance exercises (2) among which moderate load eccentric exercises (4) are likely to stand at a particular place. Indeed, eccentric cycling, stepping, or downhill running require self-adjustment of active eccentric muscle force against an external constraint to match a targeted mechanical force or power/velocity. Therefore, these three exercise modalities are hardly associated with constant joint angular velocities (isokinetic), constant weight (isoweight), or constant inertia (isoinertia). Although still not widespread in sport or clinical facilities, eccentric cycling for instance shows an increasing scientific interest as it offers a unique combination of precise control of exercise intensity while applying secure eccentric stimuli to a large muscle mass with very high total mechanical work done by the lower limb muscles (3). With appropriate familiarization to prevent potential muscle damage, moderate load eccentric exercises have the potential to achieve the highest levels of eccentric metabolic power (maximal heart rate and ≥70% maximal oxygen uptake) (5). Moreover, they induce specific (more superficial) ventilatory and cardiorespiratory responses (higher heart rate and cardiac output) compared with concentric muscle work performed at similar oxygen uptake (1). Definitely, such unique acute physiological responses await for both future transversal as well as future training studies to expand our knowledge of eccentric muscle work, which should no longer remains the “dark side” of the force/velocity curve.REFERENCES1. Dufour SP, Doutreleau S, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Lampert E, Hirth C, Piquard F, Lonsdorfer J, Geny B, Mettauer B, Richard R. Deciphering the metabolic and mechanical contributions to the exercise-induced circulatory response: insights from eccentric cycling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1641–R1648, 2007. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00567.2006. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Gross M, Lüthy F, Kroell J, Müller E, Hoppeler H, Vogt M. Effects of eccentric cycle ergometry in alpine skiers. Int J Sports Med 31: 572–576, 2010. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254082. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Hoppeler H. Eccentric Exercise: Physiology and Application in Sport and Rehabilitation. New York: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar5. Lipski M, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K. Cardio-pulmonary responses to incremental eccentric and concentric cycling tests to task failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 118: 947–957, 2018. doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3826-y. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Dufour SP, Doutreleau S, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Lampert E, Hirth C, Piquard F, Lonsdorfer J, Geny B, Mettauer B, Richard R. Deciphering the metabolic and mechanical contributions to the exercise-induced circulatory response: insights from eccentric cycling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1641–R1648, 2007. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00567.2006. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. Gross M, Lüthy F, Kroell J, Müller E, Hoppeler H, Vogt M. Effects of eccentric cycle ergometry in alpine skiers. Int J Sports Med 31: 572–576, 2010. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254082. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Hoppeler H. Eccentric Exercise: Physiology and Application in Sport and Rehabilitation. New York: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar5. Lipski M, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K. Cardio-pulmonary responses to incremental eccentric and concentric cycling tests to task failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 118: 947–957, 2018. doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3826-y. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarCOMMENTARY ON VIEWPOINT: DISTINCT MODALITIES OF ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: DIFFERENT RECIPES, NOT THE SAME DISHSteven J. Elmer1 and Paul C. LaStayo2.Author Affiliations1Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.2Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.to the editor: We appreciate and echo the Viewpoint described by Franchi and Maffiuletti (2) highlighting the range of eccentric exercise modes (isokinetic, isoweight, isoinertial). Franchi and Maffiuletti (2) caution against considering eccentric exercise as a universal modality that elicits the same acute responses and neuromuscular adaptations. Rather, these authors recommend a classification system to allow a parceling and more precise characterization of eccentric exercise modes.Understanding the nuance of using lengthening contractions in specific delivery modes, and how to incorporate them into an exercise program, is critical for the researcher and clinician. This viewpoint is an excellent reminder that prescription of eccentric exercise needs to be specific and connected to the training/rehabilitation goal at hand. Prescription of eccentric exercise also needs to be safe, feasible, monitored, and adjusted accordingly, especially for clinical populations (3). Tinwala and colleagues (5) recently reviewed the available technology for implementing eccentric exercise modes and linked current equipment with training needs. This paper targeted for the strength and conditioning practitioner is in line with Franchi and Maffiuletti’s call to action for researchers and clinicians to better identify the advantages, limitations, and applications for each eccentric exercise mode.More broadly, this viewpoint reenforces the need to respect history (1) and uncertainties (4) surrounding lengthening contractions, which were discovered over a century ago. With this in mind, we agree that eccentric exercise is not a one-size-fits-all mode of muscle loading, and more translation work is needed to calibrate its value and better prescribe this form of exercise.REFERENCES1. Elmer SJ, LaStayo PC. Revisiting the positive aspects of negative work. J Exp Biol 217: 2434–2436, 2014. doi:10.1242/jeb.092247. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Frajacomo F, Lindstedt S. Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 1426–1434, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Nishikawa KC, Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC. Basic science and clinical use of eccentric contractions: History and uncertainties. J Sport Health Sci 7: 265–274, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.06.002. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Tinwala F, Cronin J, Haemmerle E, Ross A. Eccentric strength training: a review of the available technology. Strength Condit J 39: 32–47, 2017. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000262.Crossref | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Elmer SJ, LaStayo PC. Revisiting the positive aspects of negative work. J Exp Biol 217: 2434–2436, 2014. doi:10.1242/jeb.092247. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar3. LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Frajacomo F, Lindstedt S. Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116: 1426–1434, 2014. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Nishikawa KC, Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC. Basic science and clinical use of eccentric contractions: History and uncertainties. J Sport Health Sci 7: 265–274, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.06.002. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Tinwala F, Cronin J, Haemmerle E, Ross A. Eccentric strength training: a review of the available technology. Strength Condit J 39: 32–47, 2017. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000262.Crossref | ISI | Google ScholarRECIPES FOR ECCENTRIC TRAINING: OVERDONE, UNDERDONE, OR JUST RIGHT?Mathias Wernbom,12 Olivier Seynnes,3 and Gøran Paulsen3.Author Affiliations1Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.2Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.3Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.to the editor: We read with interest the Viewpoint of Franchi and Maffiuletti (1). We welcome their call for a better classification of eccentric training modalities. In addition, we would like to emphasize that compared with conventional resistance training, less is known about program design for eccentric exercise (2, 3).Some evidence suggests better improvements in strength with higher loads (3), and as little as ∼15–20 s in total of near-maximal eccentric exercise can induce impressive gains in muscle mass (2). However, overtraining has also been reported after greater volumes of high-force eccentric training (4) [see Ref. 2 for review]. Recent studies on rodents have shown muscle atrophy and decreased function after fast-velocity eccentric training (5), and data from human studies (2, 4) strongly suggest that detrimental effects of excessive eccentric exercise can occur with low- and moderate-velocity training as well.We postulate that differences in the degree of inflammatory and/or stress responses between different protocols are very important factors behind divergent training adaptations. Specifically, it is generally accepted that long muscle lengths, high forces, and a high number of contractions all can contribute to muscle damage with eccentric exercise. Whether eccentric exercise induces successful adaptations, suboptimal results, or maladaptations may thus depend even more on the overarching training variables than on the modality per se (i.e., isokinetic, isoinertial, or isoweight).To further our understanding of the physiology and prescription of eccentric exercise, the training variables (e.g., intensity, volume, frequency, range of motion, velocity and torque profile) must be reported in great detail (2).REFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med 37: 225–264, 2007. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Chronic adaptations to eccentric training: a systematic review. Sports Med 47: 917–941, 2017. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Krentz JR, Farthing JP. Neural and morphological changes in response to a 20-day intense eccentric training protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 110: 333–340, 2010. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1513-8. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Ochi E, Nosaka K, Tsutaki A, Kouzaki K, Nakazato K. Repeated bouts of fast velocity eccentric contractions induce atrophy of gastrocnemius muscle in rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 36: 317–327, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10974-015-9426-0. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med 37: 225–264, 2007. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Chronic adaptations to eccentric training: a systematic review. Sports Med 47: 917–941, 2017. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar4. Krentz JR, Farthing JP. Neural and morphological changes in response to a 20-day intense eccentric training protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 110: 333–340, 2010. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1513-8. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Ochi E, Nosaka K, Tsutaki A, Kouzaki K, Nakazato K. Repeated bouts of fast velocity eccentric contractions induce atrophy of gastrocnemius muscle in rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 36: 317–327, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10974-015-9426-0. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarECCENTRIC EXERCISE MODALITIES: IS THERE A NEED FOR MORE RECIPES?Bastien Bontemps,1 Fabrice Vercruyssen,1 Mathieu Gruet,1 and Julien Louis2.Author Affiliations1LAMHESS, EA6312, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.2Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.to the editor: We read with interest the classification of eccentric exercises by Franchi and Maffiuletti (3). The authors propose three distinct eccentric exercise modalities (isokinetic, isoweight, and isoinertial) to be considered in research and clinical practice. Although we agree on the importance of eccentric exercise for athletes and patients, we believe that certain eccentric exercises do not fit into the proposed classification. Specifically, downhill/walking running and descending stair walking, involve eccentric contractions of variable velocity, weight, and inertia. Voluntary or involuntary modifications of walking/running speed, stride pattern, and body kinematics influence the strain applied to muscles and subsequent physiological demands. As such, we suggest a fourth eccentric exercise modality with variable characteristics be considered when implementing eccentric based programs. The applications can be found in various contexts. For example, regular descending stair walking was more effective than ascending stair walking to improve health and fitness of elderly obese women (2). Yang et al. (5) reported that downhill walking training improved gait performance and thoracic posture in a greater proportion than conventional therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Downhill walking is also particularly relevant in patients suffering from cardiorespiratory disorders as it generates higher muscular stress with lower cardiorespiratory cost compared with level walking (1). In a sporting context, downhill running is emerging as a new training modality (4). In conclusion, we acknowledge the need for a better classification of eccentric exercises to refine research and clinical applications. We suggest that the classification should not be restricted to the three proposed modalities, but include a variable modality.REFERENCES1. Camillo CA, Burtin C, Hornikx M, Demeyer H, De Bent K, van Remoortel H, Osadnik CR, Janssens W, Troosters T. Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Chron Respir Dis 12: 155–164, 2015. doi:10.1177/1479972315575717. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Chen TC, Hsieh CC, Tseng K-W, Ho CC, Nosaka K. Effects of descending stair walking on health and fitness of elderly obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49: 1614–1622, 2017. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001267. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Toyomura J, Mori H, Tayashiki K, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H, Maeo S. Efficacy of downhill running training for improving muscular and aerobic performances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 403–410, 2018. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0538. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Yang YR, Lee YY, Cheng SJ, Wang RY. Downhill walking training in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89: 706–714, 2010. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181e721c5. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Camillo CA, Burtin C, Hornikx M, Demeyer H, De Bent K, van Remoortel H, Osadnik CR, Janssens W, Troosters T. Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Chron Respir Dis 12: 155–164, 2015. doi:10.1177/1479972315575717. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2. Chen TC, Hsieh CC, Tseng K-W, Ho CC, Nosaka K. Effects of descending stair walking on health and fitness of elderly obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49: 1614–1622, 2017. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001267. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Toyomura J, Mori H, Tayashiki K, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H, Maeo S. Efficacy of downhill running training for improving muscular and aerobic performances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 403–410, 2018. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0538. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Yang YR, Lee YY, Cheng SJ, Wang RY. Downhill walking training in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89: 706–714, 2010. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181e721c5. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarENDURANCE-LIKE ECCENTRIC EXERCISE ALSO NEEDS EXTENSIVE EVALUATIONLaurent Mourot12 and Mark Rakobowchuk3.Author Affiliations1EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche- Comté, Besançon, France.2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.3Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.to the editor: In their Viewpoint, Franchi and Maffiuletti (1) emphasized that eccentric exercise should no longer be considered a single modality with the effects of isokinetic, isoweight, and isoinertial contractions modalities requiring delineation to improve their effectiveness when training both the healthy population and patients. Their Viewpoint mainly focused on muscle adaptations after resistance training, and we would like to emphasize that eccentric training may also trigger favorable vascular responses in frail patients with cardiorespiratory limits. Using specific cycle ergometers, we have shown in healthy participants that at the same cardiac output/metabolic demand as concentric cycle exercise, continuous, low-intensity, long-duration (45 min) eccentric cycling seems to be accompanied by higher cardiovascular strain (4) despite similar muscle oxygenation responses (2). In addition, similar increases in potentially proangiogenic platelet microvesicle concentrations may induce favorable microvascular adaptations (3). Such vascular responses depend on the characteristics of the exercise, and to date, they have been well defined for exercise involving concentric contractions, but only a very limited knowledge exists concerning continuous eccentric contractions (5). Similar to strength training, endurance-like eccentric exercise sessions could be completed using different eccentric contractions that may induce different acute responses and training-related adaptations. Beyond the view of Franchi and Maffiuletti, a complete evaluation of endurance eccentric exercise, with a specific emphasis on the characteristics of the underlying contractions, warrants investigation.REFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Rakobowchuk M, Isacco L, Ritter O, Represas AG, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Muscle oxygenation responses to low-intensity steady rate concentric and eccentric cycling. Int J Sports Med 39: 173–180, 2018. doi:10.1055/s-0043-121272. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Rakobowchuk M, Ritter O, Wilhelm EN, Isacco L, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Divergent endothelial function but similar platelet microvesicle responses following eccentric and concentric cycling at a similar aerobic power output. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 1031–1039, 2017. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2016. Link | ISI | Google Scholar4. Ritter O, Isacco L, Rakobowchuk M, Tordi N, Laroche D, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Mourot L. Cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous system responses to prolonged eccentric cycling. Int J Sports Med 40: 453–461, 2019. doi:10.1055/a-0783-2581. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5. Wilhelm EN, Mourot L, Rakobowchuk M. Exercise-derived microvesicles: a review of the literature. Sports Med 48: 2025–2039, 2018. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0943-z. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarREFERENCES1. Franchi MV, Maffiuletti NA. Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2019. Link | ISI | Google Scholar2. Rakobowchuk M, Isacco L, Ritter O, Represas AG, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Muscle oxygenation responses to low-intensity steady rate concentric and eccentric cycling. Int J Sports Med 39: 173–180, 2018. doi:10.1055/s-0043-121272. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar3. Rakobowchuk M, Ritter O, Wilhelm EN, Isacco L, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Divergent endothelial function but similar platelet microvesicle responses following eccentric and concentric cycling at a similar aerobic power output. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122: 1031–1039, 2017. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.0
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