CXCR4 mutational status does not impact outcomes in patients with W aldenström macroglobulinemia treated with proteasome inhibitors
2020; Wiley; Volume: 95; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/ajh.25730
ISSN1096-8652
AutoresJorge J. Castillo, Joshua Gustine, Kirsten Meid, Catherine Flynn, Maria Demos, Maria Luisa Guerrera, Cristina Jiménez, Amanda Kofides, Xia Liu, Manit Munshi, Nicholas Tsakmaklis, Christopher J. Patterson, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Zachary R. Hunter, Steven P. Treon,
Tópico(s)Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatments
ResumoAmerican Journal of HematologyVolume 95, Issue 4 p. E95-E98 CORRESPONDENCEFree Access CXCR4 mutational status does not impact outcomes in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with proteasome inhibitors Jorge J. Castillo, Corresponding Author Jorge J. Castillo [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-7532 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Correspondence Jorge J. Castillo, Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Mayer 221, Boston, MA 02215. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJoshua N. Gustine, Joshua N. Gustine orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-7669 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorKirsten Meid, Kirsten Meid Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorCatherine A. Flynn, Catherine A. Flynn Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorMaria G. Demos, Maria G. Demos Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorMaria L. Guerrera, Maria L. Guerrera Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorCristina Jimenez, Cristina Jimenez Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorAmanda Kofides, Amanda Kofides Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorXia Liu, Xia Liu Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorManit Munshi, Manit Munshi Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorNicholas Tsakmaklis, Nicholas Tsakmaklis Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorChristopher J. Patterson, Christopher J. Patterson Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorLian Xu, Lian Xu Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorGuang Yang, Guang Yang orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-4200 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorZachary R. Hunter, Zachary R. Hunter orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-1691 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorSteven P. Treon, Steven P. Treon orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-6154 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this author Jorge J. Castillo, Corresponding Author Jorge J. Castillo [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-7532 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Correspondence Jorge J. Castillo, Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Mayer 221, Boston, MA 02215. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJoshua N. Gustine, Joshua N. Gustine orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-7669 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorKirsten Meid, Kirsten Meid Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorCatherine A. Flynn, Catherine A. Flynn Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorMaria G. Demos, Maria G. Demos Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorMaria L. Guerrera, Maria L. Guerrera Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorCristina Jimenez, Cristina Jimenez Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorAmanda Kofides, Amanda Kofides Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorXia Liu, Xia Liu Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorManit Munshi, Manit Munshi Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorNicholas Tsakmaklis, Nicholas Tsakmaklis Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorChristopher J. Patterson, Christopher J. Patterson Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorLian Xu, Lian Xu Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorGuang Yang, Guang Yang orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-4200 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorZachary R. Hunter, Zachary R. Hunter orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-1691 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorSteven P. Treon, Steven P. Treon orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-6154 Bing Center for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 January 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25730Citations: 9AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL To the Editor: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the malignant accumulation of IgM-secreting lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow and other organs. The genomic landscape of WM is characterized by somatic mutations in MYD88, and CXCR4, detected in 90-95% and 30-40% of WM patients, respectively.1, 2 Waldenström macroglobulinemia patients with CXCR4 mutations seem to have longer time to response, lower rates of major response and shorter progression-free survival (PFS), when treated with the oral Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib.3 The impact of CXCR4 mutations in the response and survival outcomes of WM patients treated with other therapies is less understood. A recent study has suggested that CXCR4 mutations do not adversely affect PFS in WM patients treated with bortezomib.4 We conducted a pooled analysis from three prospective studies aimed at evaluating the impact of CXCR4 mutations in response and survival outcomes of WM patients treated with proteasome inhibitor-based regimens. All patients were participants on three prospective clinical trials evaluating the combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone and rituximab (BDR; NCT00250926), carfilzomib, dexamethasone and rituximab (CaRD; NCT01470196), and ixazomib, dexamethasone and rituximab (IDR; ID NCT02400437) in previously untreated patients with WM. All patients signed informed consent for participation in their respective clinical trial. All studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institution. All patients had a clinicopathological diagnosis of WM and met criteria to treat, according to second International Workshop for WM (IWWM) guidelines. The design of the studies has been previously published.5-7 Pertinent clinical and laboratory data were collected. The MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations were assessed using allele-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing assays performed in CD19-selected bone marrow samples. Response to therapy was assessed using modified sixth IWWM response criteria, in which a decrease in extramedullary disease was not required for partial (PR) or very good partial response (VGPR), but was required for complete response (CR) attainment. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from treatment initiation until disease progression, death or last follow-up. Patients' characteristics are presented using descriptive statistics. Group comparisons were made using the Fisher's exact test. Age >65 years, male sex, hemoglobin level ≤11.5 g/dL, platelet count ≥100 K/μL, serum IgM level ≥4000 mg/dL, serum β2-microglobulin level >3 mg/L, serum albumin level ≤3.5 g/dL, bone marrow involvement >60%, International Prognostic Scoring System for WM. And, MYD88 as well as CXCR4 mutational status were variables included in the logistic and Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Univariate logistic regression models were fitted to identify predictive factors for response, and the results presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The PFS curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate Cox proportional-hazard regression models were fitted to evaluate prognostic factors for PFS, and the results presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI. P values <.05 were statistically significant. Calculations and graphs were obtained using STATA version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). A total of 76 patients were included in this analysis, of which 19 (25%) received BDR, 31 (41%) received CaRD and 26 (34%) received IDR. Thirty-six patients (55%) did not have CXCR4 mutations (CXCR4 WT), and 29 (45%) had a CXCR4 mutation (CXCR4 MUT). The CXCR4 mutational status was not determined in 11 patients. The median age at treatment initiation was 63 years (range 46-83 years), median hemoglobin level was 10.3 g/dL (range 6.9-17.1 g/dL), median serum IgM level was 4048 mg/dL (range 345-9550 mg/dL), median serum β2-microglobulin level was 3.5 mg/L (range 1.0-10.8 mg/L), serum albumin was 3.7 g/dL (range 2.4-4.8 g/dL) and median bone marrow involvement was 55% (range 5-95%). There was a higher proportion of serum IgM levels ≥4000 mg/dL (62% vs 39%) and lower proportion of serum albumin levels ≤3.5 g/dL (21% vs 47%) in CXCR4 MUT than in CXCR4 WT patients. There was no detectable difference on the rate of CXCR4 MUT status between treatment groups (P = .12). At 6 months, the rates of CR, VGPR, PR and minor response (mR) were 1%, 11%, 42% and 29%, respectively, for an overall response rate of 91% and a major response rate of 59%. There was no detectable difference in categorical responses at 6 months between treatment regimens (P = .13). Also, there was no detectable difference in categorical responses at 6 months between CXCR4 WT and CXCR4 MUT patients (Figure 1A; P = .56). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that CXCR4 MUT status was not associated with major response rate attainment at 6 months (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.27-2.22; P = .63). Serum albumin level ≤ 3.5 g/dL was the only factor associated with higher odds of major response attainment at 6 months (OR 5.40, 95% CI 1.59-18.3; P = .007). At 12 months, the rates of CR, VGPR, PR and mR were 5%, 25%, 52% and 16%, respectively, for an overall response rate of 98% and a major response rate of 83%. There was no detectable difference in categorical responses at 12 months between treatment regimens (P = .30). Also, there was no detectable difference in categorical responses at 12 months CXCR4 WT and CXCR4 MUT patients (Figure 1B; P = .73). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that CXCR4MUT status was not associated with major response rate attainment at 12 months (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.18-3.23; P = .71). Serum β2-microglobulin level >3 mg/L was the only factor associated with lower odds of major response at 12 months (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.91; P = .04). Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Categorical responses at 6 months A, and at 12 months B, and progression-free survival estimates for the entire cohort C, and according to CXCR4 mutational status D, of 76 patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with proteasome inhibitor-based primary therapy At the time of this report, 40 patients (53%) have progressed and five patients (7%) have died. The median follow-up time for all patients was 6 years (95% CI 4.7-6.6 years). The median follow-up times for patients who received BDR, CaRD and IDR were 11.7 years (95% CI 9-12.1 years), 6.3 years (6-6.8 years) and 2.9 years (95% CI 2.8-3.2 years), respectively. The median PFS for all patients was 4.8 years (95% CI 3.3-6.5 years; Figure 1C). There was no detectable difference in PFS between treatment regimens (log-rank P = .73). The median PFS for CXCR4 WT patients was 3.6 years (95% CI 1.7-5.9 years) vs 6.5 years (95% CI 2.7-not reached) for CXCR4 MUT patients (log-rank P = .12; Figure 1D). In the univariate analysis, CXCR4 MUT status was not associated with better or worse PFS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.30-1.23; P = .16). Serum β2-microglobulin level >3 mg/L was the only factor associated with a worse PFS (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.03-4.00; P = .04). There were statistical trends towards worse PFS in men (HR 1.79, 95% CI 0.91-3.53, P = .09) and patients with bone marrow involvement ≥60% at baseline (HR 1.74, 95% CI 0.94-3.25; P = .08). No other factors were associated with PFS. The interest in our study stemmed from previously published conflicting preclinical data, in which CXCR4 mutations were associated with decreased cell killing in WM cells treated with alkylating agents, nucleoside analogues, BTK inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol three kinase (PI3K) inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors.8 Another study associated CXCR4 mutations with resistance to BTK inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and PI3K inhibitors, but not to proteasome inhibitors.9 In our study, there were no detectable differences in the rates of major response at 6 and 12 months to proteasome inhibitor-based therapy between patients with and without CXCR4 mutations. Similarly, there were no detectable differences in median PFS between groups. Overall, the results of our study support a CXCR4-agnostic response and PFS in WM patients treated with proteasome inhibitor-containing regimens. Therefore, bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib-based regimens are appropriate frontline treatment options for WM patients with CXCR4 mutations. Proteasome inhibitors are used for the treatment of patients with symptomatic WM, and a number of prospective clinical trials have shown these agents to be safe and highly effective in these patients.5-7 Additionally, large retrospective and population-based studies from the United States and Europe have shown proteasome inhibitors are increasingly being used for the treatment of WM in both frontline and relapsed settings. Fixed-duration therapy and lack of risk of secondary myeloid neoplasms are some of the favorable features of proteasome inhibitor-based therapy in WM patients, which would make these agents desirable for younger patients, for example, who might be less inclined towards indefinite therapy, or in whom one would like to minimize the risk of myeloid neoplasms. Our study is not without limitations, however. The relatively small number of patients, who were treated exclusively with proteasome inhibitor-based regimens and were participants in prospective clinical trials at a tertiary institution, could have potentially introduced patient selection bias. The patients' clinical characteristics and laboratory values appear in line with prior prospective and retrospective studies in WM patients. Additionally, the rate of missing clinical and laboratory data was minimal, and the follow-up time is relatively long. Despite the limitations, our study provides valuable insights for personalization of therapy. Additional studies are needed to further confirm our findings, and to evaluate the impact of CXCR4 mutations in the outcomes of patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy and other targeted agents. Our study, however, does not detract from the adverse impact of CXCR4 mutations in WM patients treated with BTK inhibitors, the value of CXCR4 mutations as driver mutations in WM, and the potential importance of anti-CXCR4 directed therapy in WM and other malignancies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Portions of this research have been presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American Society Hematology in Orlando, FL, in December 2019. JJC thanks the support of the WMR Fund. 1 CONFLICT OF INTEREST JJC received research funds from AbbVie, Beigene, Janssen, Pharmacyclics and TG Therapeutics, and honoraria from Beigene, Janssen, and Pharmacyclics. SPT received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pharmacyclics, and honoraria from Pharmacyclics. The remaining authors have no competing financial interests. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS JJC designed the study and performed the analysis. JJC, JNG and KM collected the data. JJC, CAF and SPT provided clinical care to patients. MD, MLG, CJ, AKo, XL, MM, NT, CJP, LX, GY and ZRH performed the genomic analysis. JJC and JNG wrote the initial draft. All authors reviewed the initial manuscript, provided feedback and approved the final manuscript. REFERENCES 1Hunter ZR, Xu L, Yang G, et al. The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis. Blood. 2014; 123(11): 1637- 1646. 2Treon SP, Xu L, Yang G, et al. MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(9): 826- 833. 3Treon SP, Tripsas CK, Meid K, et al. Ibrutinib in previously treated Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(15): 1430- 1440. 4Sklavenitis-Pistofidis R, Capelletti M, Liu CJ, et al. Bortezomib overcomes the negative impact of CXCR4 mutations on survival of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients. 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