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Early reflection on the global impact of COVID19, and implications for physiotherapy

2020; Elsevier BV; Volume: 107; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.003

1873-1465

Michel D. Landry, Lauren Geddes, Annie Park Moseman, James P. Lefler, Sudha R. Raman, Joost van Wijchen,

COVID-19 and healthcare impacts

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) elevated the status of the novel coronavirus (COVID19) to a pandemic. Although the assessments are changing rapidly, COVID19 has now infected and taken the lives of thousands. Since the first cases appeared in late 2019, COVID19 has unleashed widespread shock on public and clinical health systems that struggle to respond to the surge, and on global economic productivity as workers are increasingly restricted from participation. A profound anxiety is spreading almost as quickly as the disease itself. The growth in the number of new cases, alongside the sobering reality that potential vaccines are months if not years away [[1]World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 . [Accessed April 2, 2020].Google Scholar], have led to an unprecedented response even when compared to other infectious disease outbreaks. An increasing number of high-income countries (HICs) have partially or completely closed borders and significantly restricted human movement with the ambition of viral containment. Meanwhile, some low and middle income (LMICs) countries with fragile infrastructure fear being unable to meet the health needs during an pandemic [2Hopman J. Allegranzi B. Mehtar S. Managing COVID-19 in low-and middle- income countries.JAMA. 2020; (Published online March 16, 2020)https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4169Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 3Lloyd-Sherlock P. Ebrahim S. Geffen L. McKee M. Bearing the brunt of covid-10:older people in low and middle income countries.BMJ. 2020; 368: m1052Crossref PubMed Scopus (206) Google Scholar]. Given these realities, the WHO has strongly advocated that the best approach to "flatten the curve" of newly identified cases is through robust and responsible public health measures at the individual, community, national and global levels. Dr. Michael Ryan, the WHO Executive Director of Health Emergencies, went so far as to suggest that "We share failure in the same way that we share success" [[4]World Economic Forum 'Don't let this fire burn' - what happened at the WHO COVID-19 briefing.2020Google Scholar] and that all citizens have a role to play in this global fight. Based on the assessments from the WHO and other public health agencies, COVID19 primarily attacks the lower respiratory system, and the transmission vector seems to be mostly through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing and close contact. Cai et al. have suggested that the virus might also be spread indirectly through "virus contamination of common objects, virus aerosolization in a confined space, or spread from asymptomatic infected persons" [[5]Cai J. Sun W. Huang J. Gamber M. Wu J. He G. Indirect virus transmission in cluster of COVID-19 cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020.Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; (Jun [March 13, 2020])https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200412Crossref Scopus (20) Google Scholar]. Either way, the segment of the population who seems to be most affected includes persons older than 50 years, and those with pre-existing chronic diseases [[6]Guan W.J. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.NEJM. 2020; (published online Feb 28)Crossref Scopus (20088) Google Scholar]. The usual clinical manifestation after an incubation period of 4 days includes fever, dry and persistent cough, myalgia, and shortness of breath. Rare but life-threatening cases result in pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 80% of infected people will experience mild to moderate illness requiring few interventions, but the remaining will be seriously affected and will require intensive medical care. Although difficulty to accurately estimate, the WHO reports a case fatality rate of 3.4% [[7]Baud D. Qi X. Nielsen-Saines K. Musso D. Pomar L. Favre G. Real estimates of mortality following COVOID-19 infection.Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; (Published online first.; March 12, 2020)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-XAbstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (810) Google Scholar]. This estimate nevertheless camouflages the reality that fatality rates differ by age, and for those over 80 year the rate is closer to 15%. Whatever the vector of transmission, it is known that once contracted viral infection can cause physical and psychological complications; Chen et al. reported that patients who contracted H7N9 (influenza A) experienced long-term lung disability and psychological impairment even two years post discharge [[8]Chan K.S. Zheng J.P. Mok Y.W. SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae.Respirology. 2003; 8: S36-S40Crossref PubMed Scopus (182) Google Scholar]. Moreover, in the case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) which is another contagion in the coronavirus family, Lee et al. reported that at one-year post survival, individuals continued to experience elevated levels of stress, depression and anxiety [[9]Lee A.M. Wong JGWS;McAlonan G.M. Cheung V. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak.Can J Psychiatry. 2007; 52: 4Crossref Scopus (773) Google Scholar]. They warned that "the long term effects of infectious disease should not be ignored". 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Faragher B. et al.Disability among ebola survivors and their close contacts in Sierra Leone: a retrospective case-controlled cohort study.Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 66: 131-133Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar]. Others such as Mattia et al. [[14]Mattia J.G. Vandy M.J. Chang J.C. et al.Early clinical sequelae of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16 (331–8.3)Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar], Scott et al. [[15]Scott J.T. Sesay F.R. Massaquoi T.A. Idriss B.R. Sahr F. Semple M.G. Post-Ebola syndrome, Sierra Leone.Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22 (641–6.4)Crossref Scopus (77) Google Scholar], Tiffany et al. [[16]Tiffany A. Vetter P. Mattia J. et al.Ebola virus disease complications as experienced by survivors in Sierra Leone.Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 62 (1360–6.5)Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google ScholarQureshi A.I. Chughtai M. Loua T.O. et al.Study of Ebola virus disease survivors in Guinea.Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 61: 1035-1042Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar], Omoleke et al. [[17]Omoleke S.A. Mohammed I. Saidu Y. Ebola viral disease in West Africa: a threat to global health, economy and political stability.J Public Health Afr. 2016; 7: 534Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar], and Wendo [[18]Wendo C. Caring for the survivors of Uganda's Ebola epidemic one year on.Lancet. 2001; 358: 1350Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar] all report that negative ocular, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric outcomes are common within EVD, furthermore, many survivors experience difficulties in returning to work due to long-term consequences. In our opinion, the peer review literature supports the notion that that survival from an infectious disease is only the first step, and that infectious disease can lead to long term impairment, activity limitation and participation restrictions. Given this growing body of evidence, we signal the need to more fully incorporate multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams inclusive of physiotherapy along the disease trajectory from acute and inpatient care, through to the ambulatory settings and onwards into the community. Therefore, while there is a global focus on 'flattening the curve' by reducing the surge of new COVID19 cases, we propose a need to expand our collective "peripheral vision" and consider the magnitude and long term impact of physical, mental and emotional decline post survival. If we as a global society of practitioners are to minimize the long-term impact of COVID19, public health stakeholders need to develop a much wider and inclusive lens. To be effective, rehabilitative interventions must be considered during the planning and allocation of resources used to fight a disease outbreak. Otherwise, we will be playing, yet again, a tragic game of 'catch-up' in reducing disability-related outcomes of COVID19 [[19]Xiang Y.-T. Yang Y. Li W. Zhang L. Zhang Q. Cheung T. et al.Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed.Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7: 228-229Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2242) Google Scholar]. Over the last decades the emergence of SARS, H1N1, Influenza A, and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) illustrates the powerful threat of cross-species transmission events that have led to novel human disease with consequential global impact. While COVID19 currently occupies global attention and resources, in reality, a litany of other potential zoonotic diseases continue to reside in animal reservoirs around the world and only time and circumstances will determine the emergence of the next global pandemic. It is prudent to not only react to current challenges, but also to anticipate future ones. We believe that 'What's past is prologue', and that COVID19 is a powerful reminder to the global physiotherapy community what it can contribute, but that it must equally be prepared to scale-up for a changing reality. No sources of funding.