The Impact of COVID-19 on Radiology Trainees
2020; Radiological Society of North America; Volume: 296; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1148/radiol.2020201222
ISSN1527-1315
AutoresMatthew D. Alvin, Elizabeth George, Francis Deng, Shantanu Warhadpande, Susanna I. Lee,
Tópico(s)Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
ResumoHomeRadiologyVol. 296, No. 2 PreviousNext Reviews and CommentaryFree AccessPerspectivesThe Impact of COVID-19 on Radiology TraineesMatthew D. Alvin* , Elizabeth George*, Francis Deng, Shantanu Warhadpande, Susanna I. LeeMatthew D. Alvin* , Elizabeth George*, Francis Deng, Shantanu Warhadpande, Susanna I. LeeAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21231 (M.D.A.); Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (E.G.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (F.D., S.I.L.); and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa (S.W.).Address correspondence to M.D.A. (e-mail: [email protected]).Matthew D. Alvin* Elizabeth George*Francis DengShantanu WarhadpandeSusanna I. LeePublished Online:Mar 27 2020https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201222MoreSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesCiteTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookXLinked In * M.D.A. and E.G. contributed equally to this work.AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is evolving rapidly in the United States, widely disrupting personal and professional life, including that of radiology trainees. Reducing the rate at which COVID-19 cases are diagnosed, so-called "flattening the curve" is a goal both for the public to alleviate strain on the health care system and for health care providers to stabilize our workforce. As residents and fellows at multiple institutions throughout the country working in both diagnostic and interventional radiology, herein we provide an overview of major problems that our colleagues and training programs currently face and offer some potential solutions (Table). We hope this report may serve as a starting point for radiology training programs to proactively assess the impact of the current pandemic on their resident and fellow trainees.Summary of COVID-19 Impact on Radiology Trainees and Potential SolutionsPatient Care and Workplace SafetyStaffingLoss of trainees from illness and quarantine has severely strained hospital operations. Infection control requires isolation of symptomatic workers and social distancing to dampen transmission from asymptomatic carriers. Risk mitigation measures include separating workstations by at least 6 feet, curtailing in-person consultations and conferences, and rotating co-localized workers off and on service together to contain contagion within small teams (1). Radiology departments should rapidly deploy technology solutions that allow radiologists to contribute remotely at distant work sites or from home, including examination protocolling, interpretation, and multidisciplinary case discussions. For trainees, these measures may mean decreased need for on-site work and an increased need for scheduling flexibility. For example, some programs have begun instituting a 1-week-on, 1-week-off work schedule in the hope of ensuring an adequate reserve capacity.Patient InteractionsTo protect both patients and medical staff, many radiology departments are postponing elective imaging examinations and interventions while continuing to provide urgent care. Access to personal protective equipment (PPE) and training on proper PPE use are crucial to the safety of workers. Given shortages of PPE, faculty and program directors should carefully consider the role of the interventional radiology trainee in the care of patients with COVID-19. Training programs must balance the risk to trainees versus the educational opportunity to participate in an interventional radiology procedure (2).InterpretationChest CT has been discussed as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing COVID-19 and related complications (3). Radiology curricula in training programs should add specific training in image interpretation of COVID-19 on chest CT scans and chest radiographs, including the use of standardized report templates.Clinical RedeploymentTo manage an influx of patients requiring hospitalization during the peak of the outbreak, radiology residents and fellows may be redeployed from radiology to direct patient care settings, such as internal medicine wards and intensive care units. This potential redeployment is an opportunity for radiology trainees to stand in solidarity with our colleagues from other specialties in caring for patients. However, this redeployment to nonradiology settings should be performed on a voluntary basis when possible. Radiology trainees who most recently completed internship positions at the same institution, or those in the early specialization in interventional radiology (ESIR) pathway, will be best equipped to adapt to return to the wards and intensive care units. To improve safety for radiology trainees, redeployment plans should feature orientation and training sessions, appropriate supervision, and adherence to duty hour limits.Education and AdministrationSupervisionSocial distancing measures have circumvented the traditional trainee–faculty member workstation teaching, which is especially disadvantageous for residents who may be rotating on a service for the first or second time in their training. Teleconferencing and remote readout with screen sharing may help mitigate the loss of these side-by-side readout sessions.Didactic LearningIn-person teaching conferences, a crucial component of radiology education, have been widely replaced by virtual live or recorded conferences or canceled altogether (4). To better engage trainees in remote locations, we encourage educators to integrate audience response systems or other instructional methods for active learning (5). If longstanding national lecture courses and meetings (eg, the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology) were to move to online delivery, trainees would have access to state-of-the-art teaching despite diminished conferences at their institution. For example, the American College of Radiology 2020 Annual Meeting has transitioned to a fully virtual platform. There are also various digital learning resources for trainees offered by individual educators, institutions, and professional societies that provide alternatives to in-person teaching (Table).ResearchResearch has been suspended at many institutions with laboratory closures and institutional review board mandates to stop in-person participant visits. Many radiology society meetings have been canceled, resulting in decreased collaborative and networking opportunities for trainees. We encourage trainees and their mentors to have discussions regarding other projects that can be worked on during the pandemic, securing grant funding for future studies, and reshaping disrupted works-in-progress into publishable or presentable material so as not to lose value from the work already performed.CredentialingThe American Board of Radiology has postponed the core examination until at least November 2020. At a minimum, this change will alter trainee clinical scheduling, including call shifts, for not only the residents entering their 4th year, but the entire residency. Delayed graduation and credentialing would impact start time for fellows and for incoming radiology residents in the 2020–2021 academic year.With the decrease in imaging procedures, senior residents may find increased difficulty in meeting the training requirements of the Mammography Quality Standards Act or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Notably, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case requirements have been established for program accreditation and not individual graduate competency. Program directors should work closely with their local clinical competency committee on this issue (6). The American Board of Radiology will also need to clarify what impact lost workdays from self-quarantine will have on board eligibility.ESIR ProgramThe delay in the American Board of Radiology core examination poses unique challenges for ESIR postgraduate year 4 residents. Trainees may find it difficult to meet interventional radiology rotation requirements and the other mandated clinical rotations, such as vascular surgery and intensive care unit rotations, while preparing for the delayed core examination. One possible solution is to move the time-intensive intensive care unit month to the upcoming months. ESIR postgraduate year 5 residents may also have difficulties meeting the ESIR requirements as the case volume in many interventional radiology departments has decreased substantially. We encourage residents to have discussions with their program leadership to find a solution to meet the case requirements while considering the need to conserve PPE and minimize exposure risk.Personal WellnessSafetyThe COVID-19 pandemic is likely to cause psychologic distress to radiology trainees as well as other health care providers. Trainees are concerned that they may contract the illness and expose their potentially more vulnerable family members at home. These fears are exacerbated by the nationwide PPE shortages (7). Trainee wellness is closely associated with the clarity, adequacy, and reliability of relevant information (8). Prompt continuous channels of communication should be available to address concerns of the medical staff, including the trainees, including recommendations on PPE usage, viral testing, self-quarantine, and return to work after illness. Guidelines for backup coverage in personal or family emergencies should be in place. Finally, leaders should acknowledge the additional demands that the pandemic is creating on their trainees and advocate for resources to reinforce personal resilience (eg, online meditation, psychotherapy, exercise) for trainees as well as the medical staff.Social RelationshipsSocial distancing is an effective strategy to contain virus spread but does not have to result in social isolation. In fact, it is now more important than ever for trainees to remain connected by means of online portals and to exchange ideas with each other through social media (eg, Twitter with hashtags such as #RadRes) and radiology society forums (eg, American College of Radiology Engage [engage.acr.org]). Time away from work for personal relationships has now become especially important, and trainees should interact with family and friends in ways compliant with social distancing.Financial FutureTrainees, many with medical school debt and limited earnings and savings, are especially vulnerable to the economic consequences of this pandemic. Radiology departments and practices are scaling down elective imaging and procedures, resulting in lost revenue that is unlikely to be fully recovered. Should this pandemic-induced recession be prolonged, many will lose their health insurance, decreasing the number of patients seeking radiology services. With losses in savings, senior radiologists may delay retirement (9). Given this outlook, trainees are concerned about the security of existing job offers and the likelihood of future job openings.Although the long-term outcomes are uncertain, institutions can take steps to support trainees in their short-term financial concerns. Perhaps the most immediate concern is childcare. Widespread school closures have affected all health care providers, trainees among them, and institutions could address this by expanding childcare services, potentially with volunteering from nonessential employees (4). Paid leave for COVID-19 exposure–related quarantine and sickness, as well as more flexibility in work hours, would relieve uncertainty. Measures to maintain moonlighting opportunities and more discretionary use of academic funds would help. Given travel restrictions, many fellowship programs are planning for virtual interviews, which will hopefully decrease applicant expenses and prevent further delays in training.Final ThoughtsThe impact of COVID-19 on radiology training programs has been profound and continues to increase as case counts rise. While pandemics are, by their nature, self-limited, no clear end date is in sight for this one. It is important for all radiology trainees to stay informed and compliant with measures to contain COVID-19 without complacency or panic. We can work together to create sustainable solutions to ensure safety, promote education, and encourage wellbeing.Disclosures of Conflicts of Interest: M.D.A. disclosed no relevant relationships. E.G. disclosed no relevant relationships. F.D. disclosed no relevant relationships. S.W. disclosed no relevant relationships. S.I.L. Activities related to the present article: disclosed no relevant relationships. Activities not related to the present article: institution has grants/grants pending from ECOG-ACRIN; receives royalties from Wolters-Kluwer and Springer. Other relationships: disclosed no relevant relationships.* M.D.A. and E.G. contributed equally to this work.References1. Mossa-Basha M, Meltzer CC, Kim DC, Tuite MJ, Kolli KP, Tan BS. Radiology Department Preparedness for COVID-19: Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. Radiology 2020;296:E106–112. Link, Google Scholar2. Pepe D, Martinello RA, Juthani-Mehta M. Involving Physicians-in-Training in the Care of Patients During Epidemics. J Grad Med Educ 2019;11(6):632–634. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Kanne JP, Little BP, Chung JH, Elicker BM, Ketai LH. Essentials for Radiologists on COVID-19: An Update-Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. Radiology 2020;290:E113–E114. Link, Google Scholar4. Gupta Y. Residents Remaining Flexible During COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.theabr.org/blogs/residents-remaining-flexible-during-covid-19-pandemic. Published 2020. Accessed March 24, 2020. Google Scholar5. Lim EC, Oh VM, Koh DR, Seet RC. The challenges of "continuing medical education" in a pandemic era. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2009;38(8):724–726. Medline, Google Scholar6. Nasca T. ACGME Response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) [press release]. https://acgme.org/Newsroom/Newsroom-Details/ArticleID/10111/ACGME-Response-to-the-Coronavirus-COVID-19. Published March 18, 2020. Accessed March 24, 2020. Google Scholar7. American Medical Association. Caring for our caregivers during COVID-19. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/caring-our-caregivers-during-covid-19. Accessed March 24, 2020. Google Scholar8. Goulia P, Mantas C, Dimitroula D, Mantis D, Hyphantis T. General hospital staff worries, perceived sufficiency of information and associated psychological distress during the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10(1):322. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar9. Cronan JJ, Coleman BG, Harolds JA, Bluth EI. Retirement issues for radiologists and the radiology practice, part 1: a report of the ACR Commission on Human Resources, Subcommittee on Retirement. J Am Coll Radiol 2013;10(2):101–107. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: Mar 26 2020Revision requested: Mar 26 2020Accepted: Mar 26 2020Published online: Mar 27 2020Published in print: Aug 2020 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByThe Use of E-Learning in Peyton's 4-Step Approach: Evaluation of Facial Computed Tomography ScansCeline Shuen YinYoong, Doreen Shu LinGoh, Yu CongWong, CowanHo, Elijah ZhengyangCai, AngelaHing, ShenLiang, Yan LinYap, JaneLim, Thiam ChyeLim27 March 2024 | Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, Vol. 211Using ICT Tools and Technological Applications in this Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic to Facilitate LearningKenneth NOhei14 December 2023 | HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, Vol. 14, No. 2Mentoring Radiologists and Imaging Scientists in the Postpandemic Digital EraSusanna I. Lee, Charles E. Kahn, Jr, Gary D. Luker, Bruce R. Rosen, 19 December 2023 | Radiology, Vol. 309, No. 3Professionalism Training in the Post–COVID-19 EraCarolynn M.DeBenedectis2023Nov1 | Journal of the American College of Radiology, Vol. 20, No. 11A Review of COVID-19's Impact on Radiology Residents' Academics and Wellness in North AmericaAustinYoung, KevinGilotra, Michael X.Jin, AshnaRaiker, MayaDickson, PabloRos2023Nov1 | Journal of the American College of Radiology, Vol. 20, No. 11The Impact of COVID-19 on the Utilization of Public Sector Radiological Services in the Western Cape Province of South AfricaNoleneTeuteberg, Michelle MBarnard, AmandaFernandez, KeithCloete, MatodziMukosi, RichardPitcher2023Oct24 | Cureus, Vol. 12Is Virtual Learning Here to Stay? A Multispecialty Survey of Residents, Fellows, and FacultyAron Z.Evans, MehulAdhaduk, Ahmad R.Jabri, Mahi L.Ashwath2023Jun1 | Current Problems in Cardiology, Vol. 48, No. 6Social Media Platforms for Radiologists: Perks and PerilsEduardo Moreno Júdice de Mattos Farina, Nitamar Abdala, Felipe C. Kitamura, 11 April 2023 | Radiology, Vol. 307, No. 4Initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public health training: participatory action research to understand experiences in the East MidlandsE LMaile, S MHorsley, TDunn, J MKnight, , GraceBrough, NathanDavies, ElizabethPierce, Megan SEvans, HelenRebecca Johnston, AndrewTurvey, ClaireBlackmore, RosieCooper28 September 2021 | Journal of Public Health, Vol. 45, No. 1Radiography education in 2022 and beyond - Writing the history of the present: A narrative reviewY.X.Tay, J.P.McNulty2023 | Radiography, Vol. 29, No. 2Electronic platform-based education for radiology residents: results of a two-year surveyEmilioQuaia2023 | BMC Medical Education, Vol. 23, No. 1Perception of COVID-19 Impact on Canadian Occupational Therapy Curricula: Academic and FieldworkDianeMacKenzie, RoseMartini, MaryRoduta Roberts, Margaret AnneCampbell-Rempel, ChristineAusman2023 | Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, Vol. 90, No. 2Experiences of Educators in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medical Education in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative StudyMustafaDALOĞLU, MeralDEMİRÖREN2023 | Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, Vol. 22, No. 66How can we teach our students if we do not know how they learn? Medical students' learning styles and academic performanceNatašaMilić, AndrijaPavlović, ValerijaJanićijević2023 | Inovacije u nastavi, Vol. 36, No. 2The effect of COVID-19 on radiology postgraduate training in IrelandCaoimheMcDonnell, GerardLambe, BarryHutchinson2023 | Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), Vol. 192, No. 4Student and Clinical Educator Perceptions of the Impacts of COVID-19 on Final Year Veterinary Clinical Training in a Distributed Learning ModelJoanneYi, CindyAdams, SergeChalhoub, SylviaCheckley, ChantalMcMillan2023 | Journal of Veterinary Medical EducationImproving Oral Presentation Skills for Radiology Residents through Clinical Session Meetings in the Virtual World Second LifeAlbertoPino-Postigo, DoloresDomínguez-Pinos, RocíoLorenzo-Alvarez, JoséPavía-Molina, MiguelRuiz-Gómez, FranciscoSendra-Portero2023 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 20, No. 6Radiologische Assistentenfortbildung während der COVID-19-PandemieMaximilianThormann, TeresaLerach, SebastianGottschling, JazanOmari, MaciejPech, AlexeySurov2022 | Die Radiologie, Vol. 62, No. 8Working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic: surveys of the Society for Pediatric Radiology and the Society of Chiefs of Radiology at Children's HospitalsMatthew C.Seghers, Victor J.Seghers, Andrew C.Sher, Siddharth P.Jadhav, Lisa J.States, Andrew T.Trout, Adina L.Alazraki, Marla B. K.Sammer2022 | Pediatric Radiology, Vol. 52, No. 7Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic mediated changing trends in nuclear medicine education and training: time to change and scintillateGopinathGnanasegaran, DianaPaez, MikeSathekge, FrancescoGiammarile, StefanoFanti, ArturoChiti, HenryBom, SobhanVinjamuri, Thomas NBPascual, JamshedBomanji2022 | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Vol. 49, No. 2TeleResidents: Exploring the use of Resident Home Workstations During the COVID PandemicShao ZunChen, NicoleKapral, NicholasDueck, Cree M.Gaskin, JulianaBueno, MichaelHanley2022 | Academic Radiology, Vol. 29, No. 3The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Radiology Resident Education: Where Do We Go From Here?Nikhil S.Patil, DaneGunter, NatashaLarocque2022 | Academic Radiology, Vol. 29, No. 4Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical radiography education: Perspective of students and educators from a low resource settingBismark BrightOfori-Manteaw, ElizabethDzidzornu, Theophilus N.Akudjedu2022 | Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 1The impact of COVID-19 upon student radiographers and clinical training in Latin AmericaS.M.Solís-Barquero, M.P.Rodríguez Valerio, J.P.McNulty, P.F.Riquelme Contreras, J.Ríos, H.González, N.B.Olmedo Raza, V.H.Ezquerra, L.A.Rainford2022 | Radiography, Vol. 28, No. 4Initial Experience With Formal Near-Peer Mentoring in Radiology ResidencyKarenCheng, CharleneGrabowski, AliceChong, AndrewYen, Christine B.Chung2022 | Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology, Vol. 51, No. 3The satisfaction with radiology residency training in China: results of a nationwide surveyPeichengWang, JingfengZhang, YanhuaChen, YanrongHe, LijunShen, MaoqingJiang, ZhenghanYang, JianjunZheng, ZhenchangWang, JimingZhu2022 | Insights into Imaging, Vol. 13, No. 1Challenges and Coping Strategies of Radiology Doctors During COVID-19 Era, Lahore, PakistanAyeshaShahid, KhadijaArif, SaulatSarfraz, AmnaJaved, MuhammadIkram, AmmaraIhsan2022 | Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, Vol. 22, No. 1Role and perception of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases trainees during the COVID-19 crisisKevinBouiller, NathanPeiffer-Smadja, MugeCevik, KatharinaLast, Ivana AAntunović, AnjaŠterbenc, Maria JLopes, AleksandraBarac, ValentijnSchweitzer, SarahDellière2022 | Future Microbiology, Vol. 17, No. 6Exploring the Impact of Music Education on the Psychological and Academic Outcomes of Students: Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Self-EsteemJianSun2022 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 13COVID-19 Radiology Preparedness, Challenges & Opportunities: Responses From 18 CountriesBhavyaRehani, Jose A.Rodriguez, Jeffers K.Nguyen, Mauli M.Patel, Simon G.Ammanuel, ElliottWinford, William P.Dillon2022 | Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology, Vol. 51, No. 2Back to the future: Looking back while looking ahead at changes to educational conferences in the COVID-19 eraElliot K.Fishman, Edmund M.Weisberg, SheilaSheth, Linda C.Chu2022 | Clinical Imaging, Vol. 81Radiology trainee and attending satisfaction with virtual readouts during the COVID-19 pandemicMelissa F.Tannenbaum, AnuradhaShenoy-Bhangle, AlexanderBrook, SethBerkowitz, Yu-MingChang2022 | Clinical Imaging, Vol. 88Asynchronous online learning as a key tool to adapt to new educational needs in radiology during the COVID-19 pandemicPauXiberta, ImmaBoada, SantiagoThió-Henestrosa, SalvadorPedraza, VíctorPineda2022 | Medical Education Online, Vol. 27, No. 1The Effect of the Coronavirus-2019 Pandemic on Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship TrainingLayne J.Silver, AaronKessel, CherylTaurassi, MatthewTaylor2022 | Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 3Gender and career path association with fear and adherence to Covid-19 protocols among university studentsBismark BrightOfori-Manteaw, FrempongAcheampong, JohnCoker Ayimah, ChristopherMensah, SaviourWorlanyo Akuamoah, EmmanuelLetsyo2022 | Cogent Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 1The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on diagnostic imaging services in AustraliaSubhashaanSreedharan, MustafaMian, David John TobiasMcArdle, AlexanderRhodes2022 | Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Vol. 66, No. 3RSNA International Trends: A Global Perspective on the COVID-19 Pandemic and Radiology in Late 2020Bien Soo Tan, N. Reed Dunnick, Afshin Gangi, Stacy Goergen, Zheng-Yu Jin, Emanuele Neri, Cesar Higa Nomura, R. D. Pitcher, Judy Yee, Umar Mahmood, 8 December 2020 | Radiology, Vol. 299, No. 1Disrupting the Education Paradigm: An Opportunity to Advance Simulation Training in Radiology—Radiology In TrainingAlex J. Solomon, Ryan W. England, Andrew R. Kolarich, Robert P. Liddell, 1 December 2020 | Radiology, Vol. 298, No. 2Editor's Note: 2020—A Year Like No Other for RadiologyDavid A. Bluemke, , 22 December 2020 | Radiology, Vol. 298, No. 2An unexpected upheaval: pediatric radiology fellows' experience during COVID-19Viet T.Le, Yasmin S.Akbari, Alexander M.El-Ali2021 | Pediatric Radiology, Vol. 51, No. 2How to choose an abdominal imaging fellowshipDerek C.Sun, Jean H.Lee2021 | Abdominal Radiology, Vol. 46, No. 12The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on radiology residents in Northern ItalySergioCavalieri, MarcoSpinetta, DomenicoZagaria, MartaFranchi, GiuliaLavazza, FlorianaNardelli, AlessandroSerafini, RiccardoLeone, AntonioMessina, FrancescoArpaia, GiorgioBuccimazza, SerenaCarriero, FeliceD'Angelo, ElviraStellato, GiulioGiuri, MaurizioBalbi, Giulia ChiaraPreziosa, MargheritaParolise, CarlottaPessina, SilvioRomano, MarcoCurti, DavideCapra2021 | European Radiology, Vol. 31, No. 9The New Normal: Coronavirus Pandemic Response Utilizing Microsoft SharePointCorey J.Hiti, JenniferChang, KritiGwal, EvaEscobedo, MargaretRea, JasjeetBindra2021 | Journal of Digital Imaging, Vol. 34, No. 2The Radiology Virtual Reading Room: During and Beyond the COVID-19 PandemicJoseph H.Yacoub, Carl E.Swanson, Ann K.Jay, CirreldaCooper, JamesSpies, PranayKrishnan2021 | Journal of Digital Imaging, Vol. 34, No. 2COVID-19 and Radiology Resident Imaging Volumes–Differential Impact by Resident Training Year and Imaging ModalityNeoPoyiadji, ChadKlochko, JeffLaForce, Manuel L.Brown, BrentGriffith2021 | Academic Radiology, Vol. 28, No. 1Online Liver Imaging Course; Pivoting to Transform Radiology Education During the SARS-CoV-2 PandemicKhaled M.Elsayes, Robert M.Marks, SerageldinKamel, Alexander J.Towbin, Ania Z.Kielar, ParthPatel, VictoriaChernyak, Kathryn J.Fowler, SamehNassar, Moataz A.Soliman, AyaKamaya, MishalMendiratta-Lala, Amir A.Borhani, David T.Fetzer, Alice W.Fung, Richard K.G.Do, Mustafa R.Bashir, JamesLee, NikitaConsul, RichardOlmsted, AvinashKambadakone, BachirTaouli, AlessandroFurlan, Claude B.Sirlin, PeggyHsieh2021 | Academic Radiology, Vol. 28, No. 1Resident Experiences With Virtual Radiology Learning During the COVID-19 PandemicNatashaLarocque, AnuradhaShenoy-Bhangle, AlexanderBrook, R
Referência(s)