Artigo Revisado por pares

A New Treatment Algorithm for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2005; Slack Incorporated (United States); Volume: 35; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3928/00485713-20051101-04

ISSN

1938-2456

Autores

Jonathan Davidson, Márcio Bernik, Kathryn M. Connor, Matthew J. Friedman, Kenneth O. Jobson, Yoshiharu Kim, Y. Lecrubier, Hong Ma, Frank Njenga, Dan J. Stein, Joseph Zohar,

Tópico(s)

Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research

Resumo

CME ArticleA New Treatment Algorithm for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Jonathan Davidson, MD, , , MD Marcio Bernik, MD, PhD, , , MD, PhD Kathryn M. Connor, MD, , , MD Matthew J. Friedman, MD, PhD, , , MD, PhD Kenneth O. Jobson, MD, , , MD Yoshiharu Kim, MD, PhD, , , MD, PhD Yves Lecrubier, MD, , , MD Hong Ma, MD, , , MD Frank Njenga, MD, , , MD Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD, , and , MD, PhD Joseph Zohar, MD, , MD Jonathan Davidson, MD , Marcio Bernik, MD, PhD , Kathryn M. Connor, MD , Matthew J. Friedman, MD, PhD , Kenneth O. Jobson, MD , Yoshiharu Kim, MD, PhD , Yves Lecrubier, MD , Hong Ma, MD , Frank Njenga, MD , Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD , and Joseph Zohar, MD Psychiatric Annals, 2005;35(11):887–900Published Online:November 01, 2005https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20051101-04Cited by:14PDFView Full Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMore1.Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995; 52(12):1048–1060.10.1001/archpsyc.1995.039502400660127492257 CrossrefGoogle Scholar2.Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48(3):216–222.10.1001/archpsyc.1991.018102700280031996917 CrossrefGoogle Scholar3.Kessler RC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000; 61(Suppl 5):4–12; discussion 13–14.10761674 Google Scholar4.Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, et al.Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998; 55(7):626–632.10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.6269672053 CrossrefGoogle Scholar5.The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Expert Consensus Panels for PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60(Suppl 16):3–76. Google Scholar6.Foa EB, Keane T, Friedman M. Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2000. Google Scholar7.Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, et al.Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000; 61(Suppl 5):60–66.10761680 Google Scholar8.Ursano RJ, Bell C, Eth S, et al.Work Group on ASD and PTSD; Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161(11 Suppl):3–31.15617511 Google Scholar9.VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline Working Group. December2003. Office of Quality and Performance publication 10Q-CPG/PTSD-04. Available at: http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/PTSD/PTSD_GOL.htm. Accessed September 30, 2005. Google Scholar10.Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. London, England; Gaskell; 2005. National Institute of Clinical Excellence Clinical Guideline 26. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG026fullguideline.pdf. Accessed September 30, 2005. Google Scholar11.Rothbaum BO, Foa EB, Davidson JRT, et al.Augmentation of sertraline with prolonged exposure in PTSD. Poster presented at: 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 1–6, 2004; New York, NY. Google Scholar12.Connor KM, Butterfield MI. Posttraumatic stress disorder. Focus: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry. 2003; 1(3):247–262.10.1176/foc.1.3.247 CrossrefGoogle Scholar13.Amaya-Jackson L, Davidson JRT, Hughes DC, et al.Functional impairment and utilization of services associated with posttraumatic stress in the community. J Traumatic Stress. 1999; 12(4):709–723.10.1023/A:1024781504756 CrossrefGoogle Scholar14.Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, et al.The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60(7): 427–435.10.4088/JCP.v60n070210453795 CrossrefGoogle Scholar15.Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003; 18(2):76–82.10.1002/da.1011312964174 CrossrefGoogle Scholar16.Davidson JRT, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med. 1991; 21(3):713–721.10.1017/S00332917000223521946860 CrossrefGoogle Scholar17.Boscarino JA. Diseases among men 20 years after exposure to severe stress: implications for clinical research and medical care. Psychosom Med. 1997; 59(6):605–614.10.1097/00006842-199711000-00008 CrossrefGoogle Scholar18.Schnurr PP, Green BL. Understanding relationships among trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and health outcomes. Adv Mind Body Med. 2004; 20(1):18–29.15068106 Google Scholar19.Davidson JRT. Recognition and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 2001; 286(5):584–588.10.1001/jama.286.5.58411476661 CrossrefGoogle Scholar20.Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997; 349(9064):1498–1504.10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-29167458 CrossrefGoogle Scholar21.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 1994. Google Scholar22.The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th ed.Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992. Google Scholar23.Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM, et al.Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000; 283(14):1837–1844.10.1001/jama.283.14.183710770145 CrossrefGoogle Scholar24.Davidson JRT, Rothbaum BO, van der Kolk BA, Sikes CR, Farfel GM. Multicenter, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58(5):485–492.10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.48511343529 CrossrefGoogle Scholar25.Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M, Zaninelli R. Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158(12):1982–1988.10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.198211729013 CrossrefGoogle Scholar26.Tucker P, Zaninelli R, Yehuda R, et al.Paroxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62(11):860–868.10.4088/JCP.v62n1105 CrossrefGoogle Scholar27.Stein DJ, Davidson JRT, Seedat S, Beebe K. Paroxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Exp Opin Pharmacother. 2003; 4(10):1829–1838.10.1517/14656566.4.10.1829 CrossrefGoogle Scholar28.Connor KM, Sutherland SM, Tupler LA, Malik ML, Davidson JR. Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Randomised, double-blind study. Br J Psychiatry. 1999Jul; 175:17–22.10.1192/bjp.175.1.17 CrossrefGoogle Scholar29.Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H, Prakash A, Koke SC. Fluoxetine versus placebo in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(3):199–206.10.4088/JCP.v63n030511926718 CrossrefGoogle Scholar30.van der Kolk BA, Dreyfuss D, Michaels M, et al.Fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994; 55(12):517–522.7814344 Google Scholar31.Seedat S, Lockhat R, Kaminer D, et al.An open trial of citalopram in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001; 16(1):21–25.10.1097/00004850-200101000-0000211195256 CrossrefGoogle Scholar32.Seedat S, Stein DJ, Emsley RA. Open trial of citalopram in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000; 3(2):135–140.10.1017/S1461145700001899 CrossrefGoogle Scholar33.Davidson JR, Weisler RH, Malik M, Tupler LA. Fluvoxamine in civilians with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998; 18(1):93–95.10.1097/00004714-199802000-000209472854 CrossrefGoogle Scholar34.Escalona R, Canive JM, Calais LA, Davidson JR. Fluvoxamine treatment in veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2002; 15(1):29–33.10.1002/da.108211816050 CrossrefGoogle Scholar35.Davidson JRT, Landerman LR, Farfel GM, Clary CM. Characterizing the effects of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med. 2002; 32(4):661–670.10.1017/S003329170200546912102380 CrossrefGoogle Scholar36.Davidson JRT, Landerman LR, Clary CM. Improvement of anger at week one predicts the effects of sertraline and placebo in PTSD. J Psychiatr Res. 2004; 38(5):497–502.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.01.00515380400 CrossrefGoogle Scholar37.Davidson JRT, Lipschitz A, Musgnung J. Treatment of PTSD with venlafaxine XR, sertraline, or placebo: a double-blind comparison. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 7(1): P02.228. Google Scholar38.Davidson JRT, Baldwin D, Stein D, et al.Venlafaxine-XR in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a 6-month placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 29(Suppl):S97. Google Scholar39.Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Weisler RH, Ahearn E. A pilot study of mirtazapine in posttraumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999; 14(1):29–31.10.1097/00004850-199901000-0000310221639 CrossrefGoogle Scholar40.Davidson JRT, Weisler RH, Butterfield MI, et al.Mirtazapine vs. placebo in posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 53(2):188–191.10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01411-712547477 CrossrefGoogle Scholar41.Davis LL, Nevels S, Nevels C, et al.Wellbutrin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Presented at: 39th Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Program; June 1–4, 1999; Boca Raton, FL. Google Scholar42.Davidson JRT, Kudler HS, Smith RD, et al.Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47(3):259–266.10.1001/archpsyc.1990.018101500590102407208 CrossrefGoogle Scholar43.Kosten TR, Frank J, Dan E, et al.Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder using phenelzine or imipramine. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991; 179(6):366–370.10.1097/00005053-199106000-000112051152 CrossrefGoogle Scholar44.Baker DG, Diamond BI, Gillette G, et al.A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995; 122(4):386–389.10.1007/BF02246271 CrossrefGoogle Scholar45.Katz RJ, Lott MH, Arbus P, et al.Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder with a novel psychotropic. Anxiety. 1994–1995; 1(4):169–174. Google Scholar46.Nelson JC. Treatment of antidepressant nonresponders: augmentation or switch?J Clin Psychiatry. 1998; 59(Suppl 15):35–41.9786309 Google Scholar47.Fava M. Augmentation and combination strategies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62(Suppl 18):4–11.11575733 Google Scholar48.Marangell LB. Switching antidepressants for treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62(Suppl 18):12–17.11575730 Google Scholar49.Thase ME. Psychotherapy of refractory depressions. Depress Anxiety. 1997; 5(4):190–201.10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:4 3.0.CO;2-H9338111 CrossrefGoogle Scholar50.McPherson S, Cairns P, Carlyle J, et al.The effectiveness of psychological treatments for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005; 111(5):331–340.10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00498.x15819726 CrossrefGoogle Scholar51.Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976:218–222. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare publication (ADM) 76–388. Google Scholar52.Davidson J, Pearlstein T, Londborg P, et al.Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158(12):1974–1981.10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.197411729012 CrossrefGoogle Scholar53.Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H, Koke SC, Prakash A. Fluoxetine v. placebo in prevention of relapse in post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2002Oct; 181:315–320.10.1192/bjp.181.4.31512356658 CrossrefGoogle Scholar54.Davidson JRT, Connor KM, Hertzberg MA, et al.Maintenance therapy with fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005; 25(2):166–169.10.1097/01.jcp.0000155817.21467.6c15738748 CrossrefGoogle Scholar55.Davis LL, Jewell ME, Ambrose S, et al.A placebo-controlled study of nefazodone for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004; 24(3):291–297.10.1097/01.jcp.0000125685.82219.1a15118483 CrossrefGoogle Scholar56.Braun P, Greenberg D, Dasberg H, Lerer B. Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51(6):236–238.2189869 Google Scholar57.Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Weisler RH, Zhang W, Abraham KC. Tiagabine for post-traumatic stress disoarder. Presented at: 17th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress; October 9–13, 2004; Stockholm, Sweden. Google Scholar58.Hertzberg MA, Butterfield MI, Feldman ME, et al.A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45(9):1226–1229.10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00011-610331117 CrossrefGoogle Scholar59.Cohen H, Kaplan Z, Kotler M, et al.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in post-traumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161(3):515–524.10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.51514992978 CrossrefGoogle Scholar60.Meltzer-Brody S, Connor KM, Churchill E, Davidson JR. Symptom-specific effects of fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000; 15(4):227–231.10.1097/00004850-200015040-0000610954063 CrossrefGoogle Scholar61.Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Kanter ED, et al.Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160(2):371–373.10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.37112562588 CrossrefGoogle Scholar62.Raskind MA, Thompson C, Petrie EC, et al.Prazosin reduces nightmares in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(7):565–568.10.4088/JCP.v63n070512143911 CrossrefGoogle Scholar63.Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC, Davidson JR. Trial of trazodone for post-traumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design. J Clin Psychopharmacology. 1996; 16(4):294–298.10.1097/00004714-199608000-00004 CrossrefGoogle Scholar64.Taylor FB. Tiagabine for posttraumatic stress disorder: a case series of 7 women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64(12):1421–1425.10.4088/JCP.v64n1204 CrossrefGoogle Scholar65.Stein MB, Kline NA, Matloff JL. Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159(10):1777–1779.10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.177712359687 CrossrefGoogle Scholar66.Hamner MB, Deitsch SE, Brodrick PS, Ulmer HG, Lorberbaum JP. Quetiapine treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial of adjunctive therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23(1):15–20.10.1097/00004714-200302000-0000312544370 CrossrefGoogle Scholar67.Dieperink ME, Drogemuller L. Zolpidem for insomnia related to PTSD. Psychiatr Serv. 1999; 50(3):421.10.1176/ps.50.3.42110096658 CrossrefGoogle Scholar68.Mellman TA, Bustamante V, David D, Fins AI. Hypnotic medication in the aftermath of trauma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(12): 1183–1184.10.4088/JCP.v63n1214h CrossrefGoogle Scholar69.Gelpin E, Bonne O, Peri T, Brandes D, Shalev AY. Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996; 57(9):390–394.9746445 Google Scholar70.Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L, et al.Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 286(5):537–545.10.1001/jama.286.5.53711476655 CrossrefGoogle Scholar71.Krakow B, Melendrez D, Pedersen B, et al.Complex insomnia: insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing in a consecutive series of crime victims with nightmares and PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 2001; 49(11):948–953.10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01087-811377413 CrossrefGoogle Scholar72.Hamner MB, Frueh BC, Ulmer HG, Arana GW. Psychotic features and illness severity in combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45(7):846–852.10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00301-110202572 CrossrefGoogle Scholar73.Monnelly EP, Ciraulo DA, Knapp C, Keane T. Low-dose risperidone as adjunctive therapy for irritable aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacology. 2003; 23(2):193–196.10.1097/00004714-200304000-00012 CrossrefGoogle Scholar74.Hamner MB, Faldowski RA, Ulmer HG, et al.Adjunctive risperidone treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary controlled trial of effects on comorbid psychotic symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 18(1):1–8. Google Scholar75.Reich DB, Winternitz S, Hennen J, Watts T, Stanculescu C. A preliminary study of risperidone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse in women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65(12):1601–1606.10.4088/JCP.v65n1204 CrossrefGoogle Scholar76.Butterfield MI, Becker ME, Connor KM, et al.Olanzapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001; 16(4):197–203.10.1097/00004850-200107000-0000311459333 CrossrefGoogle Scholar77.Mellman TA, Clark RE, Peacock WJ. Prescribing patterns for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2003; 54(12):1618–1621.10.1176/appi.ps.54.12.161814645801 CrossrefGoogle Scholar78.American Diabetes AssociationAmerican Psychiatric AssociationAmerican Association of Clinical EndocrinologistsNorth American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65(2):267–272.10.4088/JCP.v65n021915003083 CrossrefGoogle Scholar79.Fesler FA. Valproate in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991; 52(9):351–364. Google Scholar80.Clark RD, Canive JM, Calais LA, Qualls CR, Tuason VB. Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder: an open-label clinical trial. J Trauma Stress. 1999; 12(2):395–401.10.1023/A:102479701421010378177 CrossrefGoogle Scholar81.Lipper S, Davidson JRT, Grady TA, et al.Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatics. 1986; 27(12):849–854.10.1016/S0033-3182(86)72590-53543990 CrossrefGoogle Scholar82.Berlant JL. Prospective open-label study of add-on and monotherapy topiramate in civilians with chronic nonhallucinatory post-traumatic stress disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2004; 4(1):24.10.1186/1471-244X-4-24 CrossrefGoogle Scholar83.Berlant J, van Kammen DP. Open-label topiramate as primary or adjunctive therapy in chronic civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63(1):15–20.10.4088/JCP.v63n010411838620 CrossrefGoogle Scholar84.Londborg PD, Hegel MT, Goldstein S, et al.Sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of 24 weeks of open-label continuation treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62(5):325–331.10.4088/JCP.v62n050311411812 CrossrefGoogle Scholar85.Davidson JRT. Surviving disaster: what comes after the trauma?Br J Psychiatry. 2002Nov; 181:366–368.10.1192/bjp.181.5.36612411258 CrossrefGoogle Scholar86.Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000; 68(5):748–766.10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.74811068961 CrossrefGoogle Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Sahingoz M and Sari S (2019) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Perinatal Psychopharmacology, 10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_18, (297-313), . Krystal J, Davis L, Neylan T, A. Raskind M, Schnurr P, Stein M, Vessicchio J, Shiner B, Gleason T and Huang G (2017) It Is Time to Address the Crisis in the Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Consensus Statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group, Biological Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.007, 82:7, (e51-e59), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2017. Davidson J (2018) Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder: going beyond the guidelines, BJPsych Open, 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003707, 2:6, (e16-e18), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016. Bajor L, Ticlea A and Osser D (2011) The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An Update on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10.3109/10673229.2011.614483, 19:5, (240-258), Online publication date: 20-Sep-2011. Detweiler M, Khachiyants N, Detweiler J, Ali R and Kim K (2011) Risperidone for Post-Traumatic Combat Nightmares: A Report of Four Cases, The Consultant Pharmacist, 10.4140/TCP.n.2011.920, 26:12, (920-928), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2011. Stein D and Ipser J (2011) Pharmacotherapy of PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 10.1002/9781119998471.ch4, (149-162) Peterson A, Luethcke C, Borah E, Borah A and Young-McCaughan S (2011) Assessment and Treatment of Combat-Related PTSD in Returning War Veterans, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10.1007/s10880-011-9238-3, 18:2, (164-175), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2011. Davidson J, Zhang W, Connor K, Ji J, Jobson K, Lecrubier Y, McFarlane A, Newport D, Nutt D, Osser D, Stein D, Stowe Z, Tajima O and Versiani M (2008) Review: A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), Journal of Psychopharmacology, 10.1177/0269881108096505, 24:1, (3-26), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010. Zohar J (2014) Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_331-2, (1-6), . Gros D, Tuerk P, Yoder M and Acierno R (2010) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies, 10.1007/978-0-387-09757-2_28, (785-810), . Corchs F, Nutt D, Hood S and Bernik M (2009) Serotonin and Sensitivity to Trauma-Related Exposure in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-Recovered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.031, 66:1, (17-24), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2009. Zohar J, Juven-Wetzler A, Myers V and Fostick L (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder: facts and fiction, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f269ee, 21:1, (74-77), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. BOEHNLEIN J and KINZIE J (2007) Pharmacologic Reduction of CNS Noradrenergic Activity in PTSD: The Case for Clonidine and Prazosin, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10.1097/01.pra.0000265763.79753.c1, 13:2, (72-78), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007. Detweiler M, Pagadala B, Candelario J, Boyle J, Detweiler J and Lutgens B (2016) Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Nightmares at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10.3390/jcm5120117, 5:12, (117) Request Permissions InformationCopyright 2005, SLACK IncorporatedPDF downloadAddress reprint requests to: Jonathan Davidson, MD, Box 3812, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.Dr. Davidson is director, Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Program, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. Dr. Bernik is director, Anxiety Disorders Program, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Dr. Connor is research director, Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Program, Duke University School of Medicine. Dr. Friedman is executive director, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Administration Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, and professor of Psychiatry and of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH. Dr. Jobson is chairman, International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP), and clinical faculty member, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN. Dr. Kim is director, Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health of Japan, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Lecrubier is director of research, French National Institute of Health and Mental Research, Paris, France. Dr. Ma is deputy director, National Center for Mental Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Dr. Njenga is chairman, Kenya Psychiatric Association, and president, African Association of Psychiatrists and Allied Professions, Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Stein is chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town University School of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa. Dr. Zohar is director, Israeli PTSD Committee, and professor of psychiatry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, Israel.Dr. Davidson receives grant/research support from, serves on the Speaker's Bureau for, and serves as a scientific advisor to Pfizer, Solvay, GlaxoSmithKline, Wyeth, and Forest; receives grant/research support from and serves as a scientific advisor to Eli Lilly, Organon, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, and UCB; receives grant/research support from PureWorld, Allergan, Nutrion 21, Cephalon, Parke Davis, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Schwabe, and Merck; and serves as a scientific advisor to Ancile, Roche, MediciNova, Jazz, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, MedTap, Boots, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Alexza, and Brain Cells. Dr. Bernik receives grant/research support from Wyeth and Roche. Dr. Connor receives grant/research support from Eli Lilly, Forest, and GlaxoSmithKline; serves on the Speakers' Bureau for Ortho-McNeil, Pfizer, Wyeth, Cephalon, Predix, and Jazz; serves as a consultant to Ortho-McNeil, Pfizer, Schwarz Pharma, King, Cephalon, Predix, and Jazz; and receives other financial/material support from Schwabe, Nutrition 21, Cephalon, Nordic, Solvay, and Allergan. Dr. Zohar receives grant/research support from Lundbeck and Pfizer and serves as a scientific advisor to Pfizer. Dr. Lecrubier serves as a consultant to Eli Lilly, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Pierre Fabre. Dr. Stein receives grant/research support from and/or serves as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Orion, Pfizer, Pharmacia, Roche, Servier, Solvay, Sumitomo, and Wyeth. Drs. Friedman, Jobson, Kim, Ma, and Njenga have no industry relationships to disclose.

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX