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Unraveling the Complex Behavior of Mrk 421 with Simultaneous X-Ray and VHE Observations during an Extreme Flaring Activity in 2013 April *

2020; Institute of Physics; Volume: 248; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3847/1538-4365/ab89b5

1538-4365

V. A. Acciari, Stefano Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, Dominik Baack, A. Babić, B. Banerjee, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, Lorenzo Bellizzi, E. Bernardini, A. Berti, Jürgen Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, G. Busetto, R. Carosi, Giovanni Ceribella, M. Cerruti, Yating Chai, A. Chilingarian, S. Cikota, S. M. Colak, U. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, Francesca Del Puppo, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, Davide Depaoli, F. Di Pierro, L. Di Venere, E. Do Souto Espiñeira, D. Dominis Prester, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsäesser, V. Fallah Ramazanı, Alicia Fattorini, G. Ferrara, Luca Foffano, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, C. Fruck, Satoshi Fukami, R. J. Garcı́a López, M. Garczarczyk, S. Gasparyan, M. Gaug, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, Paweł Gliwny, N. Godinović, D. Green, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, J. Herrera, John Hoang, Dario Hrupec, Moritz Hütten, Tomohiro Inada, Susumu Inoue, Kazuma Ishio, Y. Iwamura, L. Jouvin, Y. Kajiwara, D. Kerszberg, Yukiho Kobayashi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. Lamastra, A. La Barbera, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, Marcos López, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C. Maggio, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, M. Mariotti, M. Martı́nez, D. Mazin, S. Mender, S. Mičanović, Davide Miceli, Tjark Miener, M. Minev, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, E. Molina, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, V. Moreno, E. Moretti, P. Munar-Adrover, V. Neustroev, Cosimo Nigro, K. Nilsson, D. Ninci, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, L. Nogués, S. Nozaki, Yoshiki Ohtani, Tomohiko Oka, Jorge Otero-Santos, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, Lovro Pavletić, Pablo Peñil, M. Peresano, M. Persic, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, Ivica Puljak, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, Chiara Righi, A. Rugliancich, L. Saha, N. Sahakyan, T. Saito, S. Sakurai, K. Satalecka, Bernd Schleicher, K. Schmidt, T. Schweizer, J. Sitarek, I. Šnidarić, D. Sobczyńska, Alessia Spolon, A. Stamerra, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, T. Surić, Mitsunari Takahashi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, N. Torres-Albà, Luca Tosti, Juliane van Scherpenberg, G. Vanzo, M. Vázquez Acosta, Sofia Ventura, V. Verguilov, C. Vigorito, V. Vitale, Ievgen Vovk, Martin Will, Darko Zarić, NULL AUTHOR_ID, Μαρία Πετροπούλου, Justin D. Finke, F. D’Ammando, M. Baloković, G. Madejski, Kaya Mori, Simonetta Puccetti, C. Leto, M. Perri, F. Verrecchia, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, I. Agudo, R. Bachev, A. Berdyugin, D. Blinov, R. G. Chanishvili, W. P. Chen, R. A. Chigladze, G. Damljanović, Chakali Eswaraiah, T. S. Grishina, S. Ibryamov, B. Jordan, S. G. Jorstad, M. Joshi, E. N. Kopatskaya, O. M. Kurtanidze, S. O. Kurtanidze, Е. Г. Ларионова, V. M. Larionov, V. M. Larionov, G. Latev, H. C. Lin, Alan P. Marscher, A. A. Mokrushina, D. A. Morozova, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Semkov, Paul S. Smith, A. Strigachev, Yu. V. Troitskaya, I. S. Troitsky, O. Vince, J. Barnes, T. Güver, J. W. Moody, A. C. Sadun, T. Hovatta, J. L. Richards, W. Max-Moerbeck, A. C. S. Readhead, A. Lähteenmäki, M. Tornikoski, J. Tammi, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, R. Reinthal,

Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations

Abstract We report on a multiband variability and correlation study of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 during an exceptional flaring activity observed from 2013 April 11 to 19. The study uses, among others, data from GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), Swift, Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), Fermi Large Area Telescope, Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), and Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC). The large blazar activity and the 43 hr of simultaneous NuSTAR and MAGIC/VERITAS observations permitted variability studies on 15 minute time bins over three X-ray bands (3–7 keV, 7–30 keV, and 30–80 keV) and three very-high-energy (VHE; >0.1 TeV) gamma-ray bands (0.2–0.4 TeV, 0.4–0.8 TeV, and >0.8 TeV). We detected substantial flux variations on multi-hour and sub-hour timescales in all of the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray bands. The characteristics of the sub-hour flux variations are essentially energy independent, while the multi-hour flux variations can have a strong dependence on the energy of the X-rays and the VHE gamma-rays. The three VHE bands and the three X-ray bands are positively correlated with no time lag, but the strength and characteristics of the correlation change substantially over time and across energy bands. Our findings favor multi-zone scenarios for explaining the achromatic/chromatic variability of the fast/slow components of the light curves, as well as the changes in the flux–flux correlation on day-long timescales. We interpret these results within a magnetic reconnection scenario, where the multi-hour flux variations are dominated by the combined emission from various plasmoids of different sizes and velocities, while the sub-hour flux variations are dominated by the emission from a single small plasmoid moving across the magnetic reconnection layer.