Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Creating Bioethics Distance Learning Through Virtual Reality

2020; Elsevier BV; Volume: 38; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.005

0167-9430

Antoine Harfouche, Farid Nakhle,

Biomedical and Engineering Education

Bioethics education is a central element in the biotechnology curriculum. Re-imagining distance learning, virtual reality (VR) is taking student involvement to the next level of interaction, offering a real classroom experience and a new way to gain ethical reasoning skills. Here, we explore a new paradigm for bioethics education that involves VR. Bioethics education is a central element in the biotechnology curriculum. Re-imagining distance learning, virtual reality (VR) is taking student involvement to the next level of interaction, offering a real classroom experience and a new way to gain ethical reasoning skills. Here, we explore a new paradigm for bioethics education that involves VR. Science and ethics have been inextricably intertwined since the first expression of the Hippocratic oath [1.Polkinghorne J.C. Ethical issues in biotechnology.Trends Biotechnol. 2000; 18: 8-10Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]. Biotechnology is a powerful enterprise that can be harnessed to improve people's lives in fundamental ways and on a global scale. Despite the many ways in which biotechnology breakthroughs have improved life, they cannot be viewed as unequivocally beneficial or even value neutral. As biotechnology gains momentum, so do issues concerning its ethical and social implications around the world. These ethical considerations have led to the design of frameworks within which biotechnology can be developed in socially acceptable ways [2.Hails R. Bioethics for technology?.Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004; 15: 250-253Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar]. Therefore, it is imperative to teach bioethics in higher education to help biotechnology students navigate ethical dilemmas early on in their career. Bioethics education is in high demand globally and has become a cornerstone of 21st-century education. The term 'bioethics', which addresses the ethics relevant to biological knowledge and the science of living systems, is popularly attributed to Van Rensselaer Potter and first appeared institutionally in the USA in 1971, when Georgetown University established the Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction and Bioethics [3.Dickens B. International bioethics: reaching beyond national borders.Lancet. 2005; 366: 195-196Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar]. Principlism is an important approach to ethics and, in bioethics, it includes the following core principles: respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice [4.Carrese J.A. Sugarman J. The inescapable relevance of bioethics for the practicing clinician.Chest. 2006; 130: 1864-1872Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar]. However, while principlism can be important in helping students approach ethical dilemmas from a structured approach, it alone is not sufficient to address the many ethical dilemmas that arise from biotechnology. The purpose of bioethics education in a biotechnology curriculum is to adequately equip students to unpack the various significant factors in an ethical dilemma, to weigh the ethically acceptable actions and their consequences, to balance benefits and risks of decisions, and to choose one that is most ethically and socially responsible. Bioethics education provides learners at all levels (biotechnology students, future scientists, and the new generation of aspiring innovators and bioentrepreneurs) a rich store of knowledge and a foundation for the development of creative critical thinking and ethical reasoning skills to support bioethical decision-making. Bioethics education can allow students to delve into the intricacies surrounding the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of biotechnology research. ELSI aims to further the conversation among stakeholders in the interactions among science, technology, and society [5.Greenbaum D. Expanding ELSI to all areas of innovative science and technology.Nat. Biotechnol. 2015; 33: 425-426Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar]. This learning can also help to develop and reinforce bioethical values that can guide actions toward socially appropriate outcomes and strengthen biotechnology research ethics systems at scale. For some students, bioethics will become a lifelong vocation. The concept of VR technology can be traced back to the 1960s, when Ivan Sutherland described VR as a window through which participants perceive the virtual environment as if looked, felt, sounded real, and in which they could act realistically [6.Cipresso P. et al.The past, present, and future of virtual and augmented reality research: a network and cluster analysis of the literature.Front. Psychol. 2018; 9: 2086Crossref PubMed Scopus (567) Google Scholar]; currently, it is experiencing a renaissance of development and consumer interest among educators in distance learning. In a modern world with diverse opportunities to innovate, technology is shaping the future of education by continuously establishing new tools and platforms in a student's learning experience. When it comes to human-computer interaction, VR is different from other forms since students and educators participate in the virtual world rather than use it. An expression attributed to Benjamin Franklin, a statesman and scientist who was one of the leading figures of early American history, encapsulates an influential approach to education: 'tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn'. Franklin claimed involvement was the key to learning. Therefore, online learning environments must allow students to interact with each other and with teachers to help simulate an immersive experiential learning. Emerging VR systems have applications that span education, training, and communication, among others [7.Padmanaban N. et al.Optimizing virtual reality for all users through gaze-contingent and adaptive focus displays.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017; 114: 2183-2188Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar]. The areas of application of VR in education are vast (reviewed in [8.Merchant Z. et al.Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students' learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: a meta-analysis.Comput. Educ. 2014; 70: 29-40Crossref Scopus (992) Google Scholar]). VR is an exceptionally promising immersive and interactive technology for the enhancement of the distance-learning process. It can confer many learning benefits in complex topics, such as bioethics, which demands a great level of understanding, due to its ability to help students reach their full potential. VR may hold great advantages for advancing bioethics distance education because participants can be immersed in a variety of situations that can aid understanding and promote practice and learning in ways that were not previously possible with traditional technologies (Box 1, Box 2). VR also offers the potential to achieve an authentic experience and evoke realistic responses in students. It is fundamentally a reality simulator where participants can be immersed in a scenario that depicts potentially real events, enabling them to act and respond realistically [9.Slater M. Sanchez-Vives M.V. Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality.Front. Robot. AI. 2016; 3: 74Crossref Scopus (821) Google Scholar].Box 1How VR Can Make Biotechnologists 'Skilled Critical Thinkers' and 'Skilled Ethical Reasoners'The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis witnessed the beginning of a frenetic technological race to create online courses for virus-stranded students. VR technologies are currently at the frontier of development, and the pace with which technologies are being produced is extraordinary (Table I).Higher education institutions have always been at the cutting edge of new technologies, driving development and creating the next generation of scientists. Ensuring students are engaged, enthused, and challenged throughout the online class is a key priority for bioethics distance education. Thus, we developed a virtual learning environment and delivered a university credit course in AltspaceVR.The goals and objectives of the course were to develop more refined skills in ethical analysis and enhance the critical thinking and ethical reasoning ability among biotechnology students. The Bioethics VR course grounds students in interdisciplinary approaches and models to address the most pressing bioethical challenges in biotechnology. Lectures in VR classrooms provided students with the background information necessary to understand ethical dilemmas and explore issues at the intersection of ethics and biotechnology with an eye toward practical approaches and ethical responsibilities (Figure I). VR helped unlock students' potential, giving them invaluable new ways to experience learning by embracing critical thinking pedagogy with enthusiasm in the classroom.Table IRepresentative VR Technologies for Teaching and LearningVR platformaInside VR platforms, students are represented by customizable avatars. However, the Spatial platform automatically generates a custom avatar based on a photograph of the student's face. All listed platforms were developed within the past 5 years., bVR platforms make it possible to live stream and record classes to streaming platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, and Facebook.Content sharingcContent sharing allows the ability to display multimedia content on a projection screen.Means of communicationWorld building supportdWorld building allows educators to easily build and customize their own personalized classrooms.AccessibilitySupported operating systemsSupported VR headsetsWebsiteAltSpaceVReEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Web content via browserfSharing content via browser allows educators and students to share screen, whiteboards, presentations, documents, and videos.Voice, text messages, emojisYesFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTCgHTC, high-tech computer corporation. Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Go, Oculus Quest, Samsung Gear VRAltvr.comEngageeEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Whiteboard, images, videos, PDF, presentationsVoiceNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidAll HTC, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus Quest, Valve Index, Pico G2, Pico Neo 2Engagevr.ioRumiieEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Screen sharing, whiteboard, images, videos, PDF, 3D modelsVoice, text messagesNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, macOS, AndroidHTC Vive, HTC Vive Pro, all OculusDogheadsimulations.com/rumiiMozilla HubseEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Screen sharingVoice, text messages, emojisYesFree, open sourcehOpen source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible: anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit. It is developed in a collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production.Any OS with browser supportAny headset with browser supportHubs.mozilla.comGlueImages, videos, 3D modelsVoiceYesPaidMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOSHTC Vive, HTC Vive Pro, Valve Index, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus QuestGlue.workImmersedScreen sharing, whiteboardVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Ubuntu LinuxOculus Go, Oculus QuestImmersedvr.commeetingRoomWhiteboard, PDFVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOSHTC Vive, HTC Vive Focus, all Oculus, all PicoMeetingroom.ioSpatialWeb content via browser, screen sharing, 3D modelsVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, AndroidOculus Quest, HoloLensSpatial.ioWonda VRScreen sharing, images, videos, 3D modelsVoice, text messagesYesFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTC Headsets, Oculus Rift, Oculus Go, Oculus Quest, all PicoWondavr.comvTimeImagesVoice, text messagesNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, Android, iOSOculus Rift, Oculus Go, Google Cardboard, Google Daydream, Samsung Gear VRVtime.netMeetinVRWeb content via browser, whiteboard, 3D modelsVoiceNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus QuestMeetinvr.neta Inside VR platforms, students are represented by customizable avatars. However, the Spatial platform automatically generates a custom avatar based on a photograph of the student's face. All listed platforms were developed within the past 5 years.b VR platforms make it possible to live stream and record classes to streaming platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, and Facebook.c Content sharing allows the ability to display multimedia content on a projection screen.d World building allows educators to easily build and customize their own personalized classrooms.e Educational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.f Sharing content via browser allows educators and students to share screen, whiteboards, presentations, documents, and videos.g HTC, high-tech computer corporation.h Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible: anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit. It is developed in a collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production. Open table in a new tab Box 2Bioethics Breakout Teams: Team-Based Learning in VRThe Bioethics of a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case StudyCOVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Governments around the globe established coronavirus action plans comprising several stages that embrace, among others, research and innovation, which are essential ingredients for progress toward generating unique solutions, including vaccines.However, while biotechnological research is on the front lines of beating back COVID-19, success will depend on its ability to reinforce ethical values. Here, we summarize key ethical considerations drawing on the findings of in-depth inquiries conducted by the bioethics breakout teams in VR (Figure I). To vary group composition and increase diversity, students were randomly assigned to three groups of six using an in-house developed algorithm.Team Balancing Risks and BenefitsThrough VR teamwork, students critically reasoned the right balance between benefits and risks of developing vaccines at pandemic speed. Clinical trials involving small numbers of people first look for adverse effects and immune responses only. Speeding COVID-19 vaccine testing by deliberately infecting volunteers may seem highly unethical. Safety and whether individual volunteers fully understand the risks are paramount ethical concerns.The team envisioned that the way in which risk-benefit assessments are conducted should be globally standardized and fully transparent. They also proposed that clinical trial volunteers should have a definitive say in deciding benefits and risks. When it comes to testing an experimental vaccine, urgency and speed are considered enemies of safety and mitigation of risk; the team reasoned that there should be a limit to acceptable risk, but this remains challenging. Volunteer clinical trials should only involve participants who have a relatively low risk of death or of severe complications from the disease. Volunteers need to be assured that they would have immediate access to intensive care and any available medicines if they were to become infected.Given the risks and uncertainties of these trials, the team concluded that fast-track regulatory approval of an efficacious vaccine could be ethically acceptable in some circumstances and commands enormous societal value.Team Prioritizing StakeholdersIn this scenario, the world's science enterprise is challenged by a global pandemic. Public and philanthropic health funds are the backbone of the underlying science that is needed to develop COVID-19 vaccines. However, making vaccines available is not only a scientific challenge.The breakout team in VR envisioned that rich governments around the globe should not let the private market sort out the details of who gets access to the vaccine and at what price. Instead, they must be prepared to support the necessary technology transfer arrangements that include humanitarian clauses in their licensing agreements to ensure fair global access, especially to the poorest countries.Developing an effective vaccine to prevent people getting COVID-19 and curb human-to-human transmission requires urgent global collective action from governments, philanthropies, industry, academia, foundations, and public–private partnerships for building large-scale manufacturing capacity. The team proposed that all stakeholders involved should do everything feasible to recognize the importance of treating society responsibly by developing a COVID-19 vaccine available to everyone worldwide if they are to bring the pandemic to an end.Team Bioethical Decision-Making ModelThe team in the VR breakout room read accounts of the race to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 and considered the relevant ethical and social implications. Using a bioethical decision-making model, the team identified the ethical questions, listed the most relevant facts, examined bioethical issues from the viewpoint of stakeholders, considered values, and brainstormed possible solutions to dilemmas that arose from vaccine development.There is much hope and excitement surrounding the development of COVID-19 vaccine. There are also important questions to consider, such as how to ensure ethically responsible use of COVID-19 vaccine and how to carve a path toward a global social acceptance?This team proposed, in close collaboration with the other teams, a model demanding that researchers, innovators, stakeholders, funders, and policymakers are transparent and share knowledge with parallel COVID-19 vaccine efforts worldwide. The bioethical decision-making model team envisioned a public forum where everyone who is developing COVID-19 vaccines can gather and present their development plans and findings. It is crucial for governments to enact safeguards that ensure the vaccines are affordable and accessible to the people and health systems that need them, and not in the form of high profits for private companies. This would carve a path toward a shared global goal of COVID-19 prevention through ethically and socially responsible vaccination.Figure IBioethics Virtual Reality (VR) Breakout Rooms.Show full captionThese classrooms are student-centered learning environments where the teacher plays the role of a facilitator and students are fully immersed and empowered to learn from challenges and accomplish important and shared goals. Ideally, students sit in groups of six. The digital-inking whiteboard allows teams to iterate on ideas in real-time and to sketch with teammates, whether they are drawing, importing a presentation or a document, or typing text. It also helps introverted students participate in class. Consequently, students become more open to personal growth while engaging in relationships that they have with one another. Within the VR classroom, there is one projection screen and two desktop computers. The setup creates a digital triangle within the room. The computers can be used to access any content of interest to the case study. On the projection screen, materials and instructions related to the group task at hand can be displayed. The brainstorming roundtable prompts students to spark new ideas and empathize with each other. Students are also able to communicate by sending text messages to each other or to the teachers during a VR active learning session. The bulletin board provides a way to display relevant post-it notes and illustrations. Within the room, a coffee table serves as a hangout area where students can have virtual coffee breaks and helps to get them into a creative flow.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis witnessed the beginning of a frenetic technological race to create online courses for virus-stranded students. VR technologies are currently at the frontier of development, and the pace with which technologies are being produced is extraordinary (Table I). Higher education institutions have always been at the cutting edge of new technologies, driving development and creating the next generation of scientists. Ensuring students are engaged, enthused, and challenged throughout the online class is a key priority for bioethics distance education. Thus, we developed a virtual learning environment and delivered a university credit course in AltspaceVR. The goals and objectives of the course were to develop more refined skills in ethical analysis and enhance the critical thinking and ethical reasoning ability among biotechnology students. The Bioethics VR course grounds students in interdisciplinary approaches and models to address the most pressing bioethical challenges in biotechnology. Lectures in VR classrooms provided students with the background information necessary to understand ethical dilemmas and explore issues at the intersection of ethics and biotechnology with an eye toward practical approaches and ethical responsibilities (Figure I). VR helped unlock students' potential, giving them invaluable new ways to experience learning by embracing critical thinking pedagogy with enthusiasm in the classroom.Table IRepresentative VR Technologies for Teaching and LearningVR platformaInside VR platforms, students are represented by customizable avatars. However, the Spatial platform automatically generates a custom avatar based on a photograph of the student's face. All listed platforms were developed within the past 5 years., bVR platforms make it possible to live stream and record classes to streaming platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, and Facebook.Content sharingcContent sharing allows the ability to display multimedia content on a projection screen.Means of communicationWorld building supportdWorld building allows educators to easily build and customize their own personalized classrooms.AccessibilitySupported operating systemsSupported VR headsetsWebsiteAltSpaceVReEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Web content via browserfSharing content via browser allows educators and students to share screen, whiteboards, presentations, documents, and videos.Voice, text messages, emojisYesFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTCgHTC, high-tech computer corporation. Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Go, Oculus Quest, Samsung Gear VRAltvr.comEngageeEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Whiteboard, images, videos, PDF, presentationsVoiceNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidAll HTC, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus Quest, Valve Index, Pico G2, Pico Neo 2Engagevr.ioRumiieEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Screen sharing, whiteboard, images, videos, PDF, 3D modelsVoice, text messagesNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, macOS, AndroidHTC Vive, HTC Vive Pro, all OculusDogheadsimulations.com/rumiiMozilla HubseEducational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.Screen sharingVoice, text messages, emojisYesFree, open sourcehOpen source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible: anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit. It is developed in a collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production.Any OS with browser supportAny headset with browser supportHubs.mozilla.comGlueImages, videos, 3D modelsVoiceYesPaidMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOSHTC Vive, HTC Vive Pro, Valve Index, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus QuestGlue.workImmersedScreen sharing, whiteboardVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Ubuntu LinuxOculus Go, Oculus QuestImmersedvr.commeetingRoomWhiteboard, PDFVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOSHTC Vive, HTC Vive Focus, all Oculus, all PicoMeetingroom.ioSpatialWeb content via browser, screen sharing, 3D modelsVoiceNoFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, AndroidOculus Quest, HoloLensSpatial.ioWonda VRScreen sharing, images, videos, 3D modelsVoice, text messagesYesFree version, paid featuresMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTC Headsets, Oculus Rift, Oculus Go, Oculus Quest, all PicoWondavr.comvTimeImagesVoice, text messagesNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, Android, iOSOculus Rift, Oculus Go, Google Cardboard, Google Daydream, Samsung Gear VRVtime.netMeetinVRWeb content via browser, whiteboard, 3D modelsVoiceNoFreeMicrosoft Windows, AndroidHTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, Oculus QuestMeetinvr.neta Inside VR platforms, students are represented by customizable avatars. However, the Spatial platform automatically generates a custom avatar based on a photograph of the student's face. All listed platforms were developed within the past 5 years.b VR platforms make it possible to live stream and record classes to streaming platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, and Facebook.c Content sharing allows the ability to display multimedia content on a projection screen.d World building allows educators to easily build and customize their own personalized classrooms.e Educational communities, such as Educators in VR, make use of these platforms to host events for educators and learners to prepare them for the use of immersive technologies in education. Joining Educators in VR led the Bioethics class to adopt AltSpaceVR as its hosting platform. In conjunction with Educators in VR, the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN) is hosting its 2020 annual conference in VR to provide training support to educators enabling them to implement VR in their courses.f Sharing content via browser allows educators and students to share screen, whiteboards, presentations, documents, and videos.g HTC, high-tech computer corporation.h Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible: anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit. It is developed in a collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production. Open table in a new tab The Bioethics of a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Study COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Governments around the globe established coronavirus action plans comprising several stages that embrace, among others, research and innovation, which are essential ingredients for progress toward generating unique solutions, including vaccines. However, while biotechnological research is on the front lines of beating back COVID-19, success will depend on its ability to reinforce ethical values. Here, we summarize key ethical considerations drawing on the findings of in-depth inquiries conducted by the bioethics breakout teams in VR (Figure I). To vary group composition and increase diversity, students were randomly assigned to three groups of six using an in-house developed algorithm. Team Balancing Risks and Benefits Through VR teamwork, students critically reasoned the right balance between benefits and risks of developing vaccines at pandemic speed. Clinical trials involving small numbers of people first look for adverse effects and immune responses only. Speeding COVID-19 vaccine testing by deliberately infecting volunteers may seem highly unethical. Safety and whether individual volunteers fully understand the risks are paramount ethical concerns. The team envisioned that the way in which risk-benefit assessments are conducted should be globally standardized and fully transparent. They also proposed that clinical trial volunteers should have a definitive say in deciding benefits and risks. When it comes to testing an experimental vaccine, urgency and speed are considered enemies of safety and mitigation of risk; the team reasoned that there should be a limit to acceptable risk, but this remains challenging. Volunteer clinical trials should only involve participants who have a relatively low risk of death or of severe complications from the disease. Volunteers need to be assured that they would have immediate access to intensive care and any available medicines if they were to become infected. Given the risks and uncertainties of these trials, the team concluded that fast-track regulatory approval of an efficacious vaccine could be ethically acceptable in some circumstances and commands enormous societal value. Team Prioritizing Stakeholders In this scenario, the world's science enterprise is challenged by a global pandemic. Public and philanthropic health funds are the backbone of the underlying science that is needed to develop COVID-19 vaccines. However, making vaccines available is not only a scientific challenge. The breakout team in VR envisioned that rich governments around the globe should not let the private market sort out the details of who gets access to the vaccine and at what price. Instead, they must be prepared to support the necessary technology transfer arrangements that include humanitarian clauses in their licensing agreements to ensure fair global access, especially to the poorest countries. Developing an effective vaccine to prevent people getting COVID-19 and curb human-to-human transmission requires urgent global collective action from governments, philanthropies, industry, academia, foundations, and public–private partnerships for building large-scale manufacturing capacity. The team proposed that all stakeholders involved should do everything feasible to recognize the importance of treating society responsibly by developing a COVID-19 vaccine available to everyone worldwide if they are to bring the pandemic to an end. Team Bioethical Decision-Making Model The team in the VR breakout room read accounts of the race to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 and considered the relevant ethical and social implications. Using a bioethical decision-making model, the team identified the ethical questions, listed the most relevant facts, examined bioethical issues from the viewpoint of stakeholders, considered values, and brainstormed possible solutions to dilemmas that arose from vaccine development. There is much hope and excitement surrounding the development of COVID-19 vaccine. There are also important questions to consider, such as how to ensure ethically responsible use of COVID-19 vaccine and how to carve a path toward a global social acceptance? This team proposed, in close collaboration with the other teams, a model demanding that researchers, innovators, stakeholders, funders, and policymakers are transparent and share knowledge with parallel COVID-19 vaccine efforts worldwide. The bioethical decision-making model team envisioned a public forum where everyone who is developing COVID-19 vaccines can gather and present their development plans and findings. It is crucial for governments to enact safeguards that ensure the vaccines are affordable and accessible to the people and health systems that need them, and not in the form of high profits for private companies. This would carve a path toward a shared global goal of COVID-19 prevention through ethically and socially responsible vaccination. VR platforms (examples in Box 1) can bridge the gap between educators and learners and transform the way we teach and learn because it brings complex subject matter to life by creating 3D environments called 'virtual worlds'. Compared with traditional 2D environments, virtual worlds add a spatial dimension in which students and educators are visually represented as avatars [10.Petrakou A. Interacting through avatars: virtual worlds as a context for online education.Comput. Educ. 2010; 54: 1020-1027Crossref Scopus (135) Google Scholar], while promoting the notion of collaborative learning where they learn together and often from each other [11.Monahan T. et al.Virtual reality for collaborative e-learning.Comput. Educ. 2008; 50: 1339-1353Crossref Scopus (322) Google Scholar]. Moving beyond the traditional classroom environment, the pedagogical benefits of VR offer effective learning to students through new ways of interaction in student-centered and teacher–student double-centered fashions. Considering the impact VR can have on learning, and looking to add an extra dimension to bioethics course, we adopted AltspaceVR to educate the next generation of biotechnologists to think critically and creatively in exploring ethical situations in topical issues in biotechnology, and making informed decisions about those situations (see Figure I in Boxes 1 and 2). Integrating VR technology into bioethics education can improve the quality and outcomes of education programs by providing students with both an experiential learning component and educators to bring bioethics into the classroom in a cost-efficient way. VR technology is revolutionizing the digital learning experience, and we are only at the tip of the iceberg. As biotechnology advances, there is an increasing need for leaders who are able to think critically about the pressing ethical issues around it. The bioethics in VR course was designed to rigorously combine both foundational and practice-based learning experiences, including in-depth discussions of hypothetical and actual examples. The course demonstrated that students in VR have acquired extensive knowledge of current thinking in bioethics; have collected, synthesized, and critically reflected on ethical issues of biotechnology; and have developed ethical reasoning about the societal value of biotechnology. Lectures in VR additionally discussed ethical issues related to the safety implications of genetic engineering, genome editing, and gene therapy (see Figure I in Box 1). Through the case-study method, we were able to teach ethical reasoning rather than just ethical principles. It is conceivable that the experience in bioethics in VR course also emboldened students by increasing their comfort levels in learning through doing, allowing them to feel at the center of the teacher's attention (see Figure I in Box 2). By using VR, we developed new bioethics immersive teaching and learning communities, and empowered them to apply their theoretical knowledge to practical endeavors in a multitude of settings inside and outside the VR space. Ethical issues are a growing concern for bioscience research development and enterprise. Using the bioethics of a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine case study (Box 2), students practiced how to develop an ethical decision-making model using a six-step approach. The case study was coded on three themes: balancing risks and benefits, prioritizing stakeholders, and the bioethical decision-making model. In VR breakout rooms, students listed the relevant facts, identified stakeholders, clarified the underlying values, weighed the risks against the benefits, developed a list of potential responses, and considered the best action (Box 2). VR encouraged a deeper level of interaction, exploration, and curiosity-driven action among students, which are essential ingredients to learn ethical decision-making. The case-study component of the VR course provided the students with an opportunity to practice the development of bioethical decision-making models. What was fascinating about this virtual space was that all digital engagement happened in real-time, with the teacher explaining, guiding, asking, illustrating, and answering students' questions. Our experience suggests that VR will have a sustained impact on the way teaching ethical decision-making is done, prompt new education advances, and improve educational outcomes. VR is more than just a tool for driving bioethics distance-learning innovations; it is also useful for motivating students, encouraging interactive learning, and developing ethical critical thinking and ethical decision-making skills. While VR can help boost the learning process, combining virtual and augmented reality will create significantly better returns on innovation. Partial support for this work was provided by the European Commission Erasmus Multilateral Knowledge Alliances programme (BIOINNO - Bioinnovation and Entrepreneurship: A Knowledge Alliance for Biotech Entrepreneurship Education, Grant no 539427) (A.L.H) and by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research Brain Gain Professorship to A.L.H.