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Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

2020; Associação Profissional de Conservadores - Restauradores de Portugal; Volume: 35; Linguagem: Inglês

10.14568/cp2019022

2182-9942

Francisca Figueira, Marta Matos, Aida Nunes, Mariana Afonso, Ana Clara Rocha, Joana Campelo, Teresa Ferreira,

Building materials and conservation

Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and on the professional paper conservation experience, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct sorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains.