Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy in a Pediatric Patient with COVID-19
2020; Radiological Society of North America; Volume: 297; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1148/radiol.2020202197
ISSN1527-1315
AutoresSeyed Mohammad Mousavi Mirzaei, Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves, Mahyar Mohammadifard, Shirin Mojgan Tavakoli, Arastoo Vossough,
Tópico(s)Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
ResumoHomeRadiologyVol. 297, No. 2 PreviousNext Original ResearchFree AccessResearch LetterFocal Cerebral Arteriopathy in a Pediatric Patient with COVID-19Seyed Mohammad Mousavi Mirzaee*, Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves*, Mahyar Mohammadifard , Shirin Mojgan Tavakoli, Arastoo VossoughSeyed Mohammad Mousavi Mirzaee*, Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves*, Mahyar Mohammadifard , Shirin Mojgan Tavakoli, Arastoo VossoughAuthor AffiliationsFrom the Department of Neurology, Division of Neurology, Razi Hospital of Birjand, Birjand, Iran (S.M.M.M., S.M.T.); Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa (F.G.G., A.V.); and Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Imam Reza Hospital of Birjand, Birjand, Iran (M.M.).Address correspondence to M.M. (e-mail: [email protected]).Seyed Mohammad Mousavi Mirzaee*Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves*Mahyar Mohammadifard Shirin Mojgan TavakoliArastoo VossoughPublished Online:Jun 2 2020https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202197MoreSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesCiteTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookXLinked In * S.M.M.M. and F.G.G. contributed equally to this work.AbstractIntroductionThe neuroinvasive mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not fully understood. SARS-CoV-2 may enter the central nervous system hematogenously, with other proposed routes, including the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and lymphatic system (1). Neurologic manifestations in pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have uncommonly been reported. Herein, we report a presumptive case of ischemic stroke due to focal cerebral arteriopathy (FCA) associated with COVID-19.Case PresentationA previously healthy 12-year-old-boy with a new onset of generalized seizures was initially treated with diazepam. Shortly thereafter, he developed right-sided hemiparesis and dysarthria. There was no previous history of fever, cough, shortness of breath, skin rash, hemoglobinopathy, or recent trauma. No one in his family had a known history of COVID-19 infection.The diagnosis of COVID-19 was made according to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid in the nasopharyngeal swab using 2019 novel coronavirus real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Test results for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid in the CSF were also positive. Viral genome was extracted using a viral RNA kit (High Pure; Roche, Basel, Switzerland), with a multiplex one-step reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction test (Pishtaz Teb Zaman Diagnostics, Tehran, Iran) to amplify COVID-19 E, N, and ORF1ab and/or RdRp genes. A CSF bacterial culture showed no growth after 3 days, and tests for herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) were negative. The serum ferritin level was 86.7 ng/L, the C-reactive protein level was 3 mg/L, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 45 mm/h. CSF analysis demonstrated 21 mg/dL of protein, 62 mg/dL of glucose, 100 red blood cells per cubic millimeter (using traumatic lumbar puncture), and no white blood cells. The CSF opening pressure was 25 mm of H2O. d-dimer level was not obtained. The platelet count was 285×103/µL, the prothrombin time was 12.1 seconds, the international normalized ratio was 0.9, and the partial thromboplastin time was 27 seconds. The antinuclear antibody level was normal.Low-dose CT scans of the lung had normal findings. Color Doppler US performed of the carotid artery and echocardiography performed of the heart had normal findings. MRI depicted findings consistent with acute infarction without microhemorrhages (Figure, parts a–c), along with focal irregular narrowing and banding of the proximal M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery with a slightly reduced distal flow (Figure, part d). High-resolution contrast material–enhanced vessel wall imaging was not performed.(a–c) Axial T2-weighted (a) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (b) MRI scans show diffuse hyperintense signal and edema of caudate nucleus head, putamen, anterior limb of internal capsule, and parts of external capsule and insula on left side, with corresponding low values on axial apparent diffusion coefficient map (c), in keeping with an acute infarction. (d) Maximal intensity projection reformatted image from time-of-flight MR angiography shows focal irregular narrowing and banding of proximal left M1 segment of middle cerebral artery with slightly reduced distal flow in middle cerebral artery (arrows).Download as PowerPoint(a–c) Axial T2-weighted (a) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (b) MRI scans show diffuse hyperintense signal and edema of caudate nucleus head, putamen, anterior limb of internal capsule, and parts of external capsule and insula on left side, with corresponding low values on axial apparent diffusion coefficient map (c), in keeping with an acute infarction. (d) Maximal intensity projection reformatted image from time-of-flight MR angiography shows focal irregular narrowing and banding of proximal left M1 segment of middle cerebral artery with slightly reduced distal flow in middle cerebral artery (arrows).Download as PowerPoint(a–c) Axial T2-weighted (a) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (b) MRI scans show diffuse hyperintense signal and edema of caudate nucleus head, putamen, anterior limb of internal capsule, and parts of external capsule and insula on left side, with corresponding low values on axial apparent diffusion coefficient map (c), in keeping with an acute infarction. (d) Maximal intensity projection reformatted image from time-of-flight MR angiography shows focal irregular narrowing and banding of proximal left M1 segment of middle cerebral artery with slightly reduced distal flow in middle cerebral artery (arrows).Download as PowerPoint(a–c) Axial T2-weighted (a) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (b) MRI scans show diffuse hyperintense signal and edema of caudate nucleus head, putamen, anterior limb of internal capsule, and parts of external capsule and insula on left side, with corresponding low values on axial apparent diffusion coefficient map (c), in keeping with an acute infarction. (d) Maximal intensity projection reformatted image from time-of-flight MR angiography shows focal irregular narrowing and banding of proximal left M1 segment of middle cerebral artery with slightly reduced distal flow in middle cerebral artery (arrows).Download as PowerPointThere were no symptoms of other system involvement, cervical enlarged lymph nodes, cutaneous or mucosal rash, or redness. The patient had no respiratory abnormalities. The patient received conservative management. Upon discharge, the patient is still hemiparetic at home and is undergoing rehabilitation.DiscussionThe major imaging finding in this patient is the presence of unilateral focal vasculopathy, characterized by focal irregular narrowing and banding of the proximal left middle cerebral artery associated with left basal ganglia and insula acute infarction. There are many potential differential considerations in a child with acute stroke, including FCA, arterial dissection, embolic or thrombotic stroke, cerebral vasculitis in the context of systemic disease (including Kawasaki disease), and genetic disorders with arteriopathy, among others. Our leading diagnosis is FCA, one of the most common causes of childhood arterial ischemic stroke, which is defined by Wintermark et al (2) as a "unifocal and unilateral stenosis/irregularity of the large intracranial arteries of the anterior circulation (distal internal carotid artery and/or its proximal branches)." Varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy is a well-known cause of FCA. Other infectious agents less commonly associated with FCA include other herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, parvovirus B19, influenza A, enteroviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.According to the patient's history and lack of thrombotic processes outside the central nervous system, embolic stroke and dissection were considered less likely than FCA. Recent reports of an elevated immune response and an inflammatory syndrome have been reported in children with COVID-19 infection (3). Reports have described typical vasculitis findings in other organ systems, including Kawasaki disease–like presentations (4,5). No evidence suggests a multisystem inflammatory syndrome or a Kawasaki disease–like presentation, as the patient did not show any of the classic clinical physical findings. The CSF from lumbar puncture was not inflammatory. To our knowledge, Kawasaki disease–like illnesses do not manifest as FCA. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 material from the nasopharynx swab is evidence that the patient had COVID-19, and the presence of the virus in the CSF, although uncommon, further corroborates central nervous system involvement.Disclosures of Conflicts of Interest: S.M.M.M. disclosed no relevant relationships. F.G.G. disclosed no relevant relationships. M.M. disclosed no relevant relationships. S.M.T. disclosed no relevant relationships. A.V. disclosed no relevant relationships.Author ContributionsAuthor contributions: Guarantors of integrity of entire study, S.M.M.M, F.G.G., M.M.; study concepts/study design or data acquisition or data analysis/interpretation, all authors; manuscript drafting or manuscript revision for important intellectual content, all authors; approval of final version of submitted manuscript, all authors; agrees to ensure any questions related to the work are appropriately resolved, all authors; literature research, S.M.M.M., F.G.G., M.M., S.M.T.; clinical studies, S.M.M.M., S.M.T.; experimental studies, S.M.M.M., S.M.T.; statistical analysis, S.M.M.M., S.M.T.; and manuscript editing, S.M.M.M., F.G.G., M.M., S.M.T., A.V.* S.M.M.M. and F.G.G. contributed equally to this work.References1. Li Z, Liu T, Yang N, et al. Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain. Front Med 2020. 10.1007/s11684-020-0786-5. Published online May 4, 2020. Google Scholar2. Wintermark M, Hills NK, DeVeber GA, et al. Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Arteriopathy Subtypes in Children with Arterial Ischemic Stroke: Results of the VIPS Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38(11):2172–2179. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. Mahase E. Covid-19: concerns grow over inflammatory syndrome emerging in children. BMJ 2020;369:m1710. Google Scholar4. Castelnovo L, Capelli F, Tamburello A, Faggioli PM, Mazzone A. Symmetric cutaneous vasculitis in COVID-19 pneumonia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020. 10.1111/jdv.16589. Published online May 7, 2020. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2020;395(10239):1741–1743. MedlineGoogle ScholarArticle HistoryReceived: May 14 2020Revision requested: May 18 2020Revision received: May 25 2020Accepted: May 28 2020Published online: June 2 2020Published in print: Nov 2020 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByCOVID-19 neuroimaging update: pathophysiology, acute findings, and post-acute developmentsAndrew C.McClelland, Steven J.Benitez, JudahBurns2024Mar1 | Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, Vol. 77Neurological and Neuroimaging Implications of COVID-19 in the Pediatric PopulationMichaelKung, FeliceAdler-Shohet, HollieLai, RachelPearson22 February 2024 | Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Vol. 10, No. 1Non-atherosclerotic Cerebral VasculopathiesRima M.Dafer, Nicholas D.Osteraas24 April 2024Febrile seizure in children with COVID-19 during the Omicron wavePuXu, XuelianChen, JianguoZhou, WenhaoZhou, LaishuanWang20 October 2023 | Frontiers in Pediatrics, Vol. 11Thrombotic complications in children with Coronavirus disease 2019 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome of ChildhoodRitenKumar, Michael J.Rivkin, LeslieRaffini2023Sep1 | Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Vol. 21, No. 9Childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system following COVID-19 vaccination (BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNtech): A case reportToshikiAriyoshi, MadokaHoshide, TakahiroMotonaga, YunoKorenaga, YoshihiroAzuma, TakuyaIchimura, TakeshiMatsushige, ShunjiHasegawa29 September 2023 | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Vol. 19, No. 2A critical appraisal of neurological evidence on paediatric COVID-19 patients. A systematic literature reviewRaffaeleFalsaperla, ChiaraGulisano, LauraPortale, AmandaMaccarrone, MartinoRuggieri2023May1 | Heliyon, Vol. 9, No. 5Acute Neurological Complications of Coronavirus DiseaseSandersChang, MichaelSchecht, RajanJain, PuneetBelani2023Feb1 | Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, Vol. 33, No. 1Coronavirus Infection in Neonates: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 Months of AgeMariamAyed, ZainabAlsaffar, ZainabBahzad, YasmeenBuhamad, AliAbdulkareem, AlaaAlQattan, AliaEmbaireeg, MaisKartam, HessaAlkandari, ArifSiddiqui2023 | Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Vol. 2023Newer Updates in Pediatric Vascular DiseasesZachary M.Wilseck, Leanne Y.Lin, NeerajChaudhary, FranciscoRivas-Rodriguez2023 | Seminars in Roentgenology, Vol. 58, No. 1Stroke profile and care during the COVID-19 pandemic: What changed and what did not? A prospective cohort from Joinville, BrazilFelipe Ibiapinados Reis, Pedro Silva Correade Magalhães, HenriqueDiegoli, Alexandre LuizLongo, Carla Heloisa CabralMoro, Juliana AntunesSafanelli, VivianNagel, Marcos ChristianoLange, Viviane FlumignanZétola2023 | Frontiers in Neurology, Vol. 14Thrombectomy of an Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Child with COVID-19 and MIS-C: Case Analysis and Literature ContextPaul R.Carney, Dakota W.Stevenson, EdithRiggs, MatildaDervisevic, Constanza X.Carney, Camilo R.Gomez2023 | Children, Vol. 10, No. 5Report of the Association Between Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Severe MyocarditisElmiraHajiesmaeil Memar, AliakbarZeinaloo, Mohammad RezaMirzaaghayan, MojtabaGorji, AzinGhamari, MahyaGhahremanloo, EhsanAghaei-Moghadam2023 | Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 33, No. 3Advances in Management of the Stroke Etiology One-PercentersNicholas D.Osteraas, Rima M.Dafer2023 | Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, Vol. 23, No. 6Mechanisms of pediatric ischemic strokes in COVID-19: a systematic reviewElbert John V.Layug, Almira Doreen Abigail O.Apor, Rudolf V.Kuhn, Marilyn A.Tan2023 | Frontiers in Stroke, Vol. 2Neurological Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Mpox in Pediatric Patients and Their Management: A State-of-the-Art Systematic ReviewNovonilDeb, PoulamiRoy, AnuradhaBiswakarma, ThereseMary, SanahMahajan, JaveriaKhan, AatamShah2023 | Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 146Ischemic stroke on SARS‐CoV2 vasculitis in a healthy young girlHortensePetat, AdnanHassani, IvanaDabaj, LucileTzaroukian, BarbaraGoujard, IsabelleMichelet, RebeccaMore2023 | Health Science Reports, Vol. 6, No. 1The Ischemic Stroke CasebookPhilippvon Gottberg, AlexandruCimpoca, Theklavon Kalle, ChristofReihle, José E.Cohen, HansHenkes2023The Role of Infection and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric Arterial Ischemic StrokeMarie-CoralieCornet, CharlesGrose, ZinaidaVexler, Yvonne W.Wu, Heather J.Fullerton2022Dec1 | Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 44Implications of COVID-19 to Stroke Medicine: An Epidemiological and Pathophysiological PerspectiveAlanKing, Karen M.Doyle2022Jul1 | Current Vascular Pharmacology, Vol. 20, No. 4Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in a child with COVID-19: Clot analysis reveals a novel pathway in the neuroinflammatory cascade resulting in large-vessel occlusionVijay M.Ravindra, FrederikDenorme, MatthewD. Alexander, RobertA. Campbell, RameshGrandhi21 April 2022 | Interventional Neuroradiology, Vol. 5Neurologic manifestations in children with COVID-19 from a tertiary center in Turkey and literature reviewSibelLaçinel Gürlevik, CerenGünbey, YaseminOzsurekci, Pembe DerinOygar, SelmanKesici, RahsanGocmen, OrkunAydin, ÇağrıTemucin, ErennurTufan, KıvancTerzi, DemetBaltu, Tugba TastemelOzturk, OzlemTeksam, SezaOzen, Kader KarlıOguz, Ali BulentCengiz, DilekYalnızoglu2022 | European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, Vol. 37Trends in clinical presentation of children with COVID-19: a systematic review of individual participant dataBrianaChristophers, BenjaminGallo Marin, RocíoOliva, Weston T.Powell, Timothy J.Savage, Ian C.Michelow2022 | Pediatric Research, Vol. 91, No. 3High incidence of stroke and mortality in pediatric critical care patients with COVID-19 in PeruAlvaroCoronado Munoz, JaimeTasayco, WillyMorales, LuisMoreno, DavidZorrilla, AngieStapleton, PatriciaPajuelo, GiulianaReyes, MatildeEstupiñan, RicardoSeminario, ManuelOrtiz, JesúsDomínguez2022 | Pediatric Research, Vol. 91, No. 7Stroke as Presenting Feature of COVID-19 in a Pediatric PatientShannaSwartwood, Gary R.Nelson, Audie C.Espinoza2022 | Journal of Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 20, No. 05Imaging of Pediatric Neuro-COVID: What We LearnedKorgünKoral2022 | Journal of Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 20, No. 05Cerebrovascular Complications in Pediatric Patients with COVID-19 InfectionThymur AliChaudhry, FigenPalabiyik, Sarah J.Moum2022 | Journal of Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 20, No. 05Neurological Complications and Consequences of the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection in Elderly and Senile Patients (Literature Review)V. V.Flud, Yu. A.Shcherbuk, A. Yu.Shcherbuk, V. I.Leonov, O. A.Al-Sahli2022 | Advances in Gerontology, Vol. 12, No. 4Incidence of Pediatric Stroke During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care CenterRamitSingla, LalithaSivaswamy, SwatiMody, RonaldThomas, NirupamaKannikeswaran2022 | Clinical Pediatrics, Vol. 61, No. 3Cerebrovascular accident in a child with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and coronavirus disease 2019: a case reportHanieKarimi, RohamSarmadian, AbolfazlGilani, Pooryasalajegheh, HabibeNejad Biglari, MahsaGholizadeh2022 | Journal of Medical Case Reports, Vol. 16, No. 1Neuroimaging Findings of SARS-CoV-2 InfectionA.Aein, S.Khanpara, R.Samant, Y.F.Cai, L.Nunez, S.I.Savitz, J.M.Romero, R.F.Riascos2022 | Neurographics, Vol. 12, No. 3Thromboembolic complications in children with COVID-19 and MIS-C: A narrative reviewSandraTrapani, ChiaraRubino, DonatellaLasagni, FrancescoPegoraro, MassimoResti, GabrieleSimonini, GiuseppeIndolfi2022 | Frontiers in Pediatrics, Vol. 10Encefalopatía por COVID-19 en niños: a propósito de dos casosFeliciaLazo Castañeda, VerónikaEchegaray David, DimasRodríguez Conde, LuzZegarra Espinoza, RoxanaGarcía Bazan, RogerIldefonso Huanca2022 | Revista Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica, Vol. 35, No. 2Acute Large Vessel Ischemic Stroke in Patients With COVID-19–Related Multisystem Inflammatory SyndromeJaimieChang, ZacharyBulwa, HannahBreit, Laurel J.Cherian, James J.Conners, Sarah Y.Song, Rima M.Dafer2022 | Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 126Lethal Pediatric Cerebral Vasculitis Triggered by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2Kelsey E.Poisson, AlexanderZygmunt, DanielLeino, Christine E.Fuller, Blaise V.Jones, DavidHaslam, Mary AllenStaat, GwendolynClay, Tracy V.Ting, KristenWesselkamper, BarbaraHallinan, ShannonStandridge, Melissa E.Day, MonicaMcNeal, Charles B.Stevenson, MarissaVawter-Lee2022 | Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 127Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children With COVID-19AtefehSadeghizadeh, ZahraPourmoghaddas, AlirezaZandifar, Seyedeh ZahraTara, HamidRahimi, RanaSaleh, SabaRamezani, MohammadrezaGhazavi, OmidYaghini, NedaHosseini, NahidAslani, MohammadSaadatnia, ArastooVossough2022 | Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 129Bilateral basal ganglia infarction and bilateral thalamic lesions in sudanese pediatric patient with COVID‐19 and malaria co‐infection, a case reportYassinAbdelrahim Abdalla, MohannadAbdalfdeel Almahie Shaban, KhababAbbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed, Mazin S.Haroun, Moh. Mah. FadelallahEljack, KhalidSidahmed Eltom, RashaSidahmed Elhassan2022 | Clinical Case Reports, Vol. 10, No. 2Stroke in ChildrenJenny L.Wilson, MichaelDowling, Heather J.Fullerton2021Oct1 | Stroke, Vol. 52, No. 10Cerebral vasculopathy and strokes in a child with COVID-19 antibodies: illustrative caseChase H.Foster, Anthony J.Vargas, ElizabethWells, Robert F.Keating, Suresh N.Magge2021Jul19 | Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons, Vol. 2, No. 3Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children: Emerging Pathophysiologic InsightsMichelle E.Schober, Andrew T.Pavia, John F.Bohnsack7 May 2021 | Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 7Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with seizure in the setting of COVID-19: A review of the literatureElizabethCarroll, Kara R.Melmed, JenniferFrontera, Dimitris G.Placantonakis, StevenGaletta, LauraBalcer, ArianeLewis2021Jul1 | Seizure, Vol. 89Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory SyndromeKerri L.LaRovere, Becky J.Riggs, Tina Y.Poussaint, Cameron C.Young, Margaret M.Newhams, MiaMaamari, Tracie C.Walker, Aalok R.Singh, HedaDapul, Charlotte V.Hobbs, Gwenn E.McLaughlin, Mary Beth F.Son, Aline B.Maddux, Katharine N.Clouser, Courtney M.Rowan, John K.McGuire, Julie C.Fitzgerald, Shira J.Gertz, Steven L.Shein, Alvaro CoronadoMunoz, Neal J.Thomas, KatherineIrby, Emily R.Levy, Mary A.Staat, Mark W.Tenforde, Leora R.Feldstein, Natasha B.Halasa, John S.Giuliano, Mark W.Hall, MicheleKong, Christopher L.Carroll, Jennifer E.Schuster, SuleDoymaz, Laura L.Loftis, Keiko M.Tarquinio, Christopher J.Babbitt, Ryan A.Nofziger, Lawrence C.Kleinman, Michael A.Keenaghan, Natalie Z.Cvijanovich, Philip C.Spinella, Janet R.Hume, KariWellnitz, Elizabeth H.Mack, Kelly N.Michelson, Heidi R.Flori, Manish M.Patel, Adrienne G.Randolph, First Name and Middle Initial(s)*Last Name*, Mary GGaspers, Katri VTyppo, Ronald CSanders, Adam JSchwarz, HelenHarvey, Matt SZinter, Peter MMourani, Bria MCoates, GuruBhoojhawon, Kevin MHavlin, Vicki LMontgomery, Janice ESullivan, Tamara TBradford, Melania MBembea, Susan VLipton, Ana LiaGraciano, Sabrina RChen, SudenKucukak, Jane WNewburger, Ryan WCarroll, Neil DFernandes, Phoebe HYager, Kimberly LMarohn, Sabrina MHeidemann, Melissa LCullimore, Russell JMcCulloh, Steven MHorwitz, SimonLi, Rowan FWalsh, Adam JRatner, Vijaya LSoma, Jennifer KGillen, Sheemon PZackai, Kate GAckerman, Jill MCholette, IlanaHarwayne-Gidansky, Saul RHymes, Philip JOverby, Stephanie PSchwartz, Amanda NLansell, Monica LKoncicki, JosephCarcillo, ErickaFink, DaiKimura, CindyBowens, HillaryCrandall, Lincoln SSmith, PelinCengiz2021 | JAMA Neurology, Vol. 78, No. 5Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a COVID-19 pediatric patientAdélia Mariade Miranda Henriques-Souza, Ana Cláudia Marques Gouveiade Melo, Biancade Aguiar Coelho Silva Madeiro, Leonardo FurtadoFreitas, Pedro AugustoSampaio Rocha-Filho, Fabrício GuimarãesGonçalves2021 | Neuroradiology, Vol. 63, No. 1COVID-19 and the Pediatric Nervous System: Global Collaboration to Meet a Global NeedMichelle ElenaSchober, Courtney LeighRobertson, Mark StephenWainwright, Juan DavidRoa, Ericka LinnFink2021 | Neurocritical Care, Vol. 35, No. 2Central nervous system vasculopathy associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a novel case report from IranMohammad JavadHosseini, MehrdadHalaji, Javad HosseiniNejad, RezaRanjbar2021 | Journal of NeuroVirology, Vol. 27, No. 3A case-based systematic review on the SARS-COVID-2-associated cerebrovascular diseases and the possible virus routes of entryAliLashkari, RezaRanjbar2021 | Journal of NeuroVirology, Vol. 27, No. 5Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative studyCamilla ELindan, KshitijMankad, DipakRam, Larry KKociolek, V MichelleSilvera, NathalieBoddaert, Stavros MichaelStivaros, SusanPalasis, SameenAkhtar, DouglasAlden, SurajAmonkar, PascaleAouad, MélodieAubart, Jose AlejandroBacalla, Alcino ABarbosa, RomainBasmaci, LaurelineBerteloot, ThomasBlauwblomme, GillesBrun, OliviaCarney, JudithChareyre, GérardChéron, Pablo Picasso De AraujoCoimbra, VolodiaDangouloff-Ros, FeliceD'Arco, RobDineen, LoicDe-Pontual, IsabelleDesguerre, WissamElfallal, D. GarethEvans, Suely FazioFerraciolli, NadineGirard, Fabrício GuimarãesGonçalves, IvanGonzalez, P. EllenGrant, DavidGrévent, Carolina Valduga de AlencastroGuimaraes, JaneHassell, Fabiana C.C.Hirata, IanKamaly-Asl, JeffreyJacob, KandiseJackson, Blaise V.Jones, RobinJoseph, Ah YoungJung, AmnaKashgari, John-PaulKilday, AlyssaKirsch, ManoelleKossorotoff, AnantKrishnan, ShilpaKulkarni, MarianneLeruez-Vill, FabriceLesage, RaphaëlLevy, YiLi, Carol Cavalcante de VasconcelosLima, LokeshLingappa, UlrikeLöbel, RobertoLopez-Alberola, Leandro TavaresLucato, Daniela DuarteMoreira, Jonathan G.Murnick, SarahNahmani, ShubraPagariya, JulijaPavaine, BryanPhilbrook, Ana CláudiaPiovesan, Kelsey E.Poisson, NihaalReddy, PhilRiley, AndreaRomsauerova, Charlies-JorisRoux, CarlosRugilo, GauravSaigal, Gabriel Lucca de OliveiraSalvador, DavidSeidenwurm, IsabelleSermet-Gaudelus, JaiSidpra, Sniya ValsaSudhakar, María SolToronchik, GilbertVézina2021 | The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, Vol. 5, No. 3Stroke in a child with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case reportBkhtiarKhosravi, BorhanMoradveisi, MasomehAbedini, ShirinBehzadi, AwatKarimi2021 | eNeurologicalSci, Vol. 23Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: A comprehensive literature review and discussion of mechanismsAntonJohansson, Mohamed S.Mohamed, Thiago C.Moulin, Helgi B.Schiöth2021 | Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol. 358Emerging potential mechanisms and predispositions to the neurological manifestations of COVID-19AaronJesuthasan, FlaviaMassey, HadiManji, Michael S.Zandi, SarahWiethoff2021 | Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 428Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for cliniciansA.Maury, A.Lyoubi, N.Peiffer-Smadja, T.de Broucker, E.Meppiel2021 | Revue Neurologique, Vol. 177, No. 1-2COVID-19 as a rare cause of facial nerve neuritis in a pediatric patientSultanZain, KalliopiPetropoulou, KanishMirchia, AbdelmohsenHussien, KavyaMirchia2021 | Radiology Case Reports, Vol. 16, No. 6Clinical Spectrum of Neurological Manifestations in Pediatric COVID-19 Illness: A Case SeriesAfreenKhan, AparnaChakravarty, AbhinavJain, RekhaHarish, RizwanNaqishbandi, TwishaIshani2021 | Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 67, No. 3Neurological complications in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literatureL.Siracusa, A.Cascio, S.Giordano, A. A.Medaglia, G. A.Restivo, I.Pirrone, G. F.Saia, F.Collura, C.Colomba2021 | Italian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 47, No. 1Arteritis and Large Vessel Occlusive Strokes in Children After COVID-19 InfectionBrianAppavu, DorisDeng, Michael MorganDowling, ShipraGarg, TaraMangum, VarinaBoerwinkle, ToddAbruzzo2021 | Pediatrics, Vol. 147, No. 3Atypical Manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children: A Systematic ReviewSofiaBenou, ShamezLadhani, GabrielDimitriou, DespoinaGkentzi2021 | Current Pediatric Reviews, Vol. 17, No. 3Coronavirus disease 2019 associated stroke in a toddler – A case reportNikhitaSawhney, LalitMendiratta, NeerajGupta2021 | Karnataka Pediatric Journal, Vol. 36Neuroimaging Offers Low Yield in Children Positive for SARS-CoV-2G.Orman, N.K.Desai, S.F.Kralik, A.Meoded, V.J.Seghers, A.V.Annapragada, T.A.G.M.Huisman2021 | American Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol. 42, No. 5Case Report: Cerebrovascular Events Associated With Bacterial and SARS-CoV-2 Infections in an AdolescentCharlesde Marcellus, LaurentDupic, Charles-JorisRoux, ImaneEl Aouane El Ghomari, PerrineParize, RomainLuscan, FlorenceMoulin, ManoelleKossorotoff2021 | Frontiers in Neurology, Vol. 12SARS-CoV-2 and Acute Cerebrovascular Events: An OverviewMehdiGhasemi, Raffaella PizzolatoUmeton, KiandokhtKeyhanian, BabakMohit, NasrinRahimian, NiloofarsadaatEshaghhosseiny, VahidDavoudi2021 | Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 15A Systematic Review of Severe Neurological Manifestations in Pediatric Patients with Coexisting SARS-CoV-2 InfectionLaurenO'Loughlin, NiloAlvarez Toledo, LeonBudrie, RandallWaechter, JoannaRayner2021 | Neurology International, Vol. 13, No. 3Clinical and Radiological Profiles of COVID-19 Patients with Neurological Symptomatology: A Comparative StudyMariaAragao, MarianaLeal, PedroAndrade, OcelioCartaxo Filho, LucasAragao, TatianaFonseca, MarceloValenca, MariaLeao, JoaoAragao, MariaSoares, MirelleLima, SilvioCaldas, MarceloValenca2021 | Viruses, Vol. 13, No. 5Coronavirus Infections in the Nervous System of Children: A Scoping Review Making the Case for Long-Term Neurodevelopmental SurveillanceTimothy G.Singer, Karen D.Evankovich, KristenFisher, Gail J.Demmler-Harrison, Sarah R.Risen2021 | Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 117Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy in a Young Adult Following SARS-CoV2 ReinfectionCarlaZanferrari, SimonaFanucchi, Maria TeresaSollazzo, MichelaRanieri, DanielVolterra, LucaValvassori2021 | Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Vol. 30, No. 9Successful Endovascular Therapy in COVID-19 Associated Pediatric Ischemic StrokeDinesh V.Jillella, BryanPhilbrook, ElissaOrtolani, Jonathan A.Grossberg, TristanStani, OwenSamuels, CedericPimentel, AmyHarrison, Ashok R.Polu, Benjamin I.Siegel, IanMcCullough, MichaelCawley, FadiNahab2021 | Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Vol. 30, No. 12Vasculiti del sistema nervoso centraleH.de Boysson, C.Pagnoux2021 | EMC - Neurologia, Vol. 21, No. 4What can cerebrospinal fluid testing and brain autopsies tell us about viral neuroinvasion of SARS‐CoV‐2Yan‐ChaoLi, YanZhang, Bai‐HongTan2021 | Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 93, No. 7Neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 with neuroradiological and neuropathological findings: is the brain a target or a victim?Raduan AhmedFranca, LorenzoUgga, EliaGuadagno, DanielaRusso, MarialauraDel Basso De Caro2021 | APMIS, Vol. 129, No. 2COVID-19 and its impact on neurological manifestations and mental health: the present scenarioShehnazSultana, VenkateshwariAnanthapur2020 | Neurological Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 11Neuroradiological Features of Mild and Severe SARS-CoV-2 InfectionSimonPan, Willam C.Chen, Joe D.Baal, Leo P.Sugrue2020 | Academic Radiology, Vol. 27, No. 11Vessel Wall Enhancement and Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Infarct and COVID-19 InfectionE.Gulko, P.Overby, S.Ali, H.Mehta, F.Al-Mufti, W.Gomes2020 | American Journal of Neuroradiology, Vol. 41, No. 12Recommended Articles CT for Treatment Selection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Code Stroke PrimerRadioGraphics2019Volume: 39Issue: 6pp. 1717-1738Imaging-based Selection for Endovascular Treatment in StrokeRadioGraphics2019Volume: 39Issue: 6pp. 1696-1713Imaging Scales and Techniques Used in the 2015 Endovascular Stroke Trials and AHA/ASA Revised Guidelines for Acute Intervention: Neurologic/Head and Neck ImagingRadioGraphics2017Volume: 37Issue: 5pp. 1605-1606Multiphase MR Angiography Collateral Map: Functional Outcome after Acute Anterior Circulation Ischemic StrokeRadiology2020Volume: 295Issue: 1pp. 192-201Imaging Review of Pediatric Monogenic CNS Vasculopathy with Genetic CorrelationRadioGraphics2024Volume: 44Issue: 5See More RSNA Education Exhibits Neurovascular Imaging at 7T: Small Vessel AnatomyDigital Posters2022Pitfalls of CT Imaging in Acute Ischemic StrokeDigital Posters2020ASPECT Score in Acute Stroke and Automated Software Tools: Pearls and PitfallsDigital Posters2020 RSNA Case Collection Iatrogenic Middle Cerebral Artery PseudoaneurysmRSNA Case Collection2021Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathyRSNA Case Collection2022Acute ischemic strokeRSNA Case Collection2020 Vol. 297, No. 2 Metrics Altmetric Score Open AccessThis article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.PDF download
Referência(s)