Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With a History of Stroke in Wuhan, China
2020; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 51; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/strokeaha.120.030365
ISSN1524-4628
AutoresChuan Qin, Luo‐Qi Zhou, Ziwei Hu, Sheng Yang, Shuo-Qi Zhang, Man Chen, Haihan Yu, Dai‐Shi Tian, Wei Wang,
Tópico(s)COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
ResumoHomeStrokeVol. 51, No. 7Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With a History of Stroke in Wuhan, China Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBClinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With a History of Stroke in Wuhan, China Chuan Qin, Luoqi Zhou, Ziwei Hu, Sheng Yang, Shuoqi Zhang, Man Chen, Haihan Yu, Dai-Shi Tian and Wei Wang Chuan QinChuan Qin Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Luoqi ZhouLuoqi Zhou Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Ziwei HuZiwei Hu Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Sheng YangSheng Yang Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Shuoqi ZhangShuoqi Zhang Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.Z.). , Man ChenMan Chen Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Haihan YuHaihan Yu Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). , Dai-Shi TianDai-Shi Tian Correspondence to: Dai-Shi Tian, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China, Email E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7627-0811 Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). and Wei WangWei Wang Wei Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China, Email E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-5150 Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.Q., L.Z., Z.H., S.Y., M.C., H.Y., D.-S.T., W.W.). Originally published29 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030365Stroke. 2020;51:2219–2223This article is commented on by the following:Ischemic Stroke Epidemiology During the COVID-19 PandemicOther version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: May 29, 2020: Ahead of Print AbstractBackground and Purpose:Information on stroke survivors infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. The aim of this study was to describe specific clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke.Methods:All the confirmed cases of COVID-19 at Tongji Hospital from January 27 to March 5, 2020, were included in our cohort study. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between patients with and without a history of stroke.Results:Of the included 1875 patients with COVID-19, 50 patients had a history of stroke. The COVID-19 patients with medical history of stroke were older with more comorbidities, had higher neutrophil count, and lower lymphocyte and platelet counts than those without history of stroke. The levels of D-dimers, cardiac troponin I, NT pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and interleukin-6 were also markedly higher in patients with history of stroke. Stroke survivors who underwent COVID-19 developed more acute respiratory distress syndrome and received more noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Data from propensity-matched analysis indicated a higher proportion of patients with COVD-19 with a history of stroke were admitted to the intensive care unit requiring mechanical ventilation and were more likely to be held in the unit or die, compared with non-stroke history COVID-19 patients.Conclusions:Patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke had more severe clinical symptoms and poorer outcomes compared with those without a history of stroke.See related article, p 1924The ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originally identified in Wuhan is now a pandemic,1 with over 2 million confirmed cases worldwide. Roughly 30% of patients were found to have at least one comorbidity, with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and malignant tumors being most often described.2-4 Here, we recruited 1875 cases with confirmed COVID-19 in our cohort study and compared the specific clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients with and without a history of stroke.MethodsThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Study Design and ParticipantsA single center, retrospective study was conducted in Wuhan, China. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to Tongji Hospital, the largest designated medical center for COVID-19 in the central China, from January 27 to March 5, 2020, were consecutively recruited. Laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 was performed by real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction using method described previously.5 The study was approved by Tongji Hospital Ethics Committee (institutional review board ID: TJ-C20200121). Written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Commission of Tongji hospital for emerging infectious disease.Data CollectionDemographic, clinical, laboratory, management, and outcome data were obtained from patients' medical records. Clinical outcomes were followed up to March 5, 2020. We defined the clinical end point as severe events comprised of all-cause death, admission to ICU, and mechanical ventilation.Statistical AnalysisContinuous variables were described as mean (SD) if they were normally distributed or medians (interquartile range) if not normally distributed, and compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were delineated as n (%) and compared by χ2 test and Fisher exact test. Propensity score matching of patients with and without history of stroke was performed using a 1:4 matching algorithm with a caliper distance of 0.2 of the SD of the logit of the propensity score and controls used only once. Matching was performed using age, sex, smoking history, and comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and malignant tumor. The matched cohorts were then compared using Pearson χ2 test for categorical clinical outcomes and Cox regression test for composite end point. The hazards ratio and the 95% CI are also reported. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0 software (SPSS Inc). Two-tailed P<0.05 were statistically significant.ResultsClinical Characteristics of Patients With COVID-19 With a History of StrokeOf the 1875 patients with COVID-19 recruited, the median age was 63 years (interquartile range, 51–70) and 945 (52.0%) were men (Table 1). Among them, 50 patients (2.7% [95% CI, 2.0%–3.5%], P<0.001) had a history of stroke. Compared with those cases without stroke, patients with a history of stroke were significantly older (70 [64–80] versus 62 [50–70] years; P<0.001) and had more concomitant hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (76.0% versus 33.0%; P<0.001; 20% versus 9.8%; p=0.029; respectively).Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients With COVID-19 With or Without a History of StrokeNo. (%)All Patients (n=1875)Patients Without a History of Stroke (n=1825)Patients With a History of Stroke (n=50)P ValueCharacteristics Age, median (IQR), y63 (51–70)62 (50–70)70 (64–80)<0.001* Sex Male945 (50.4)915 (50.1)30 (60.0)0.197 Female930 (49.6)910 (49.9)20 (40.0) Smoking147 (7.8)139 (7.6)8 (16.0)0.053Chronic medical illness Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease28 (1.5)26 (1.4)2 (4.0)0.170 Hypertension641 (34.2)603 (33.0)38 (76.0)<0.001* Cardiovascular disease189 (10.1)179 (9.8)10 (20.0)0.029† Chronic liver disease24 (1.3)23 (1.3)1 (2.0)0.479 Diabetes mellitus295 (15.7)282 (15.5)13 (26.0)0.050 Tuberculosis27 (1.4)26 (1.4)1 (2.0)0.520 Malignant tumor54 (2.9)54 (3.0)0 (0.0)0.400 Chronic kidney disease41 (2.2)39 (2.1)2 (4.0)0.299Signs and symptoms Fever1469 (78.3)1436 (78.7)33 (66.0)0.037† Dry cough741 (39.5)714 (39.1)27 (54.0)0.040† Expectoration514 (27.4)506 (27.7)8 (16.0)0.077 Hemoptysis21 (1.1)21 (1.2)0 (0.0)1.000 Shortness of breath834 (44.5)813 (44.5)21 (42.0)0.774 Myalgia259 (13.8)256 (14.0)3 (6.0)0.143 Confusion16 (0.9)14 (0.8)2 (4.0)0.066 Headache123 (6.6)121 (6.6)2 (4.0)0.769 Dizziness87 (4.6)83 (4.5)4 (8.0)0.289 Fatigue477 (25.4)464 (25.4)13 (26.0)0.871 Rhinorrhea29 (1.5)29 (1.6)0 (0.0)1.000 Pharyngalgia91 (4.9)90 (4.9)1 (2.0)0.513 Anorexia449 (23.9)433 (23.7)16 (32.0)0.181 Nausea and vomitting139 (7.4)136 (7.5)3 (6.0)1.000 Diarrhea311 (16.6)305 (16.7)6 (12.0)0.446 Abdominal pain34 (1.8)33 (1.8)1 (2.0)0.604Data are median (IQR), and n (%). P values were calculated from the comparison between patients without a history of stroke and patients with a history of stroke using χ2 test, Fisher exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test. Patients without a history of stroke refer to patients who have not been diagnosed with stroke before. Patients with a history of stroke refer to patients who used to be diagnosed with stroke. COVID-19 indicates coronavirus disease 2019; and IQR, interquartile range.*P <0.001,†P<0.05.Laboratory and Radiological Findings of Patients With COVID-19 With a History of StrokePatients with history of stroke had higher leucocyte count (6.3 versus 5.7×109/L; P=0.028), higher neutrophil count (4.9 versus 3.8×109/L; P=0.005), lower lymphocyte (1.0 versus 1.1×109/L; P=0.037), lower platelet (180 versus 221×109/L; P=0.020) counts, and higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (4.2 versus 3.2; P=0.005) than those without history of stroke. The levels of D-dimers (1.1 versus 0.7 ug/L; P=0.042), cardiac troponin I (8.2 versus 4.1 pg/mL; P<0.001), NT pro-Brain natriuretic peptide (292.0 versus 122.0 pg/mL; P=0.005), and interleukin-6 (11.1 versus 5.6 pg/mL; P=0.002) were markedly higher in those patients with a history of stroke. There were no significant differences in chest CT patterns on admission between the 2 groups (Table I in the Data Supplement).Treatment, Complications, and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19 With a History of StrokeThere was no significant difference in the time from the onset to hospital admission and the disease severity on admission in those patients with COVID-19, regardless of history of stroke (Table 2). Patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke were more likely to have acute respiratory distress syndrome and require noninvasive mechanical ventilation compared with those without a history of stroke (32.0% versus 18.9%, P=0.028; 30.0% versus 17.5%, P=0.037, respectively).Table 2. Treatment, Complications and Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19 With or Without a History of StrokeNo. (%)All Patients (n=1875)Patients Without a History of Stroke (n=1825)Patients With a History of Stroke (n=50)P ValueTime from onset to Hospital admission, median (IQR) d12 (8–18)12 (8–18)12 (7–15)0.291Severity on admission Mild1414 (75.4)1379 (75.6)35 (70.0)0.405 Severity461 (24.6)446 (24.4)15 (30.0)TreatmentMechanical ventilation Noninvasive (ie, BiPap)335 (17.9)320 (17.5)15 (30.0)0.037* Invasive82 (4.4)80 (4.4)2 (4.0)1.000 ECMO11 (0.6)11 (0.6)0 (0.0)1.000Complications ARDS361 (19.3)345 (18.9)16 (32.0)0.028* Shock84 (4.5)81 (4.4)3 (6.0)0.488Clinical outcomes Discharged803 (42.8)791 (43.3)12 (24.0)0.019* Remained in hospital913 (48.7)882 (48.3)31 (62.0) Died159 (8.5)152 (8.3)7 (14.0) Composite end point301 (16.1)287 (15.7)14 (28.0)0.021*Data are median (IQR), and n (%). P values were calculated from the comparison between patients without a history of stroke and patients with a history of stroke using χ2 test, Fisher exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test. ARDS indicates acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; and IQR, interquartile range.*P 50-year-old in China (1.5% [95% CI, 1.46%–1.52%], according to 2017 stroke epidemiology statistics in China6). Those patients with a history of stroke tended to have more comorbidities, more aggressive inflammatory responses, and more underlying coagulation disorders. Moreover, patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke were observed to have a higher risk of severe events and poorer outcomes compared with those without stroke.Elderly people with comorbidities are more likely to be infected and to develop more severe symptoms of COVID-19. Underlying coronary heart disease was found to aggravate the pneumonia in COVID-19 and increase the severity of symptoms.2 Patients with cancer might have a higher risk of COVID-19 and poorer outcomes than individuals without cancer.3 However, patients with chronic neurological conditions were usually ignored, presenting challenges to managing patients with a history of stroke during the outbreak of COVID-19. Patients with a history of stroke in our cohort were generally older with more comorbidities, making them at increased risk for complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, and consequently underwent more mechanical ventilation.Anti-inflammatory responses poststroke facilitate infection, which is in itself an important independent contributor to poor outcomes.7 In this cohort, we noted that most of patients with a history of stroke presented a higher number of neutrophils and elevated levels of IL-6, suggesting that COVID-19 might induce a greater cytokine storm and generate a series of immune responses. Moreover, more severe lymphopenia was found in those patients with a history of stroke, as well as an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, a well-known marker of systemic inflammation and infection.8 These laboratory changes indicated that inflammatory mechanisms might play a crucial role in the development and progression of COVID-19 in stroke survivors. Interestingly, a higher levels of D-dimer and lower platelet counts were also found in those patients with a history of stroke. This phenomenon reminds us of the necessity to adjust the antithrombotic medication regimen according to the platelet counts or coagulation function in those patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke, in case of hemorrhage caused by thrombocytopenia, or pulmonary embolism with the increase in D-dimer.It is not surprising that patients with COVID-19 with a history of stroke experienced worse clinical outcomes than those without a history of stroke, given that patients with prior stroke were older and had a higher prevalence of smoking, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, which were important predictors of poor COVID-19 outcomes.4 However, after adjusting for differences in available baseline characteristics and comorbidities by propensity-matched analysis, a history of stroke was still independently associated with an increase in severe events and poorer outcomes, which is largely ignored in previous studies. More attention should be paid when stroke survivors are infected with COVID-19, regardless of stroke types and stroke severity.There are several limitations to our work. First, this is a single-center retrospective study based on extraction of data from medical records. Several unmeasured variables, for example, premorbid level of functioning or nursing-home placement, could not be adjusted in such a retrospective cohort of emerging infectious disease. Second, it is limited by a lack of long-term outcomes, as some patients are still hospitalized at the time of manuscript submission. Thus, continued observations and follow-up of this subpopulation with COVID-19 will be crucial. Nevertheless, these results will hopefully provide guidance for clinicians to understand the whole picture of the disease and are more conducive to the management of patients with a history of stroke who are at a high risk for COVID-19.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873743 to Dr Tian, 81801223 to Dr Qin).Sources of FundingNone.DisclosuresNone.Footnotes*Drs Qin and Zhou contributed equally.For Sources of Funding and Disclosures, see page 2223.The Data Supplement is available with this article at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030365.Correspondence to: Dai-Shi Tian, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China, Email tiands@tjh.tjmu.edu.cnWei Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. 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