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Interests in quitting smoking and alcohol during COVID ‐19 pandemic in India: A Google Trends study

2020; Wiley; Volume: 74; Issue: 10 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/pcn.13118

1440-1819

N. A. Uvais,

COVID-19 epidemiological studies

The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), first reported in Wuhan city of central Hubei province of China in December 2019, has spread across the globe at a rapid pace. The first case of COVID-19 in India was detected in a medical student returning from Wuhan on 30 January 2020. There has been a steady increase in the number of cases in India since then. It is a well-established fact that, just like smoking, alcohol use is significantly associated with the risks for pneumonia.1, 2 The negative effects of alcohol in the transmission and disease progression of viral infections are also well studied.3 Recent studies have highlighted the negative association of smoking and prognosis in patients with COVID-19.2, 4 However, the effects of alcohol-related liver disease on prognosis of COVID-19 is still under evaluation.5 In response to fake news that alcohol provides protection against COVID-19, the World Health Organization released a detailed factsheet providing important information about alcohol consumption and COVID-19.6 This document advises readers to avoid alcohol altogether to protect the immune system and to stay sober to act quickly and make decisions with a clear head, for oneself and others in one's family and community. Moreover, in an attempt to control the pandemic, the Indian government implemented strict physical distancing measures and advised the public to remain indoors and also banned the sale of alcohol and tobacco from 25 March 2020. The ban was very strict, and no tobacco or alcohol was available legally to buy either directly from stores or online, and it extended to more than 2 months. Many mental health specialists and public health experts have appeared on television and have written in newspapers to advise members of the public to utilize this period to quit smoking and alcohol. Google Trends analysis during the lockdown period showed a sharp increase in Google searches on COVID and disinfection measures in India. This study aims to investigate the interest in quitting smoking and alcohol during the lockdown period in India from 25 March 2020 to determine the effectiveness of public awareness measures conducted regarding the negative aspects of smoking and alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic. This methodology was adopted from a recent study with the understanding that a significant population of India search for health-related information online and Google Trends can provide information regarding collective health trends.7, 8 As the interest in 'COVID' and 'hand sanitizer' increased rapidly during March, we examined the interest in quitting smoking and alcohol from 2 February to 29 April 2020. Data were collected from Google Trends (trends.google.com), which provides information on how many 'hits' different words have had on a given day on Google, which can be used as a measurement of public interest over time.9 The highest interest on a search query is quantified as 100 relative search volume (RSV), decreasing to 0 RSV indicating no interest. We retrieved public query data from India for the following terms: 'how to quit smoking' and 'how to quit alcohol' between 2 February and 1 May 2020. We investigated whether there was an increased interest in quitting smoking in late February, March, and April compared with the preceding weeks. The interest in the search term 'how to quit smoking' showed significant increase on 9 March (90 RSV) and the interest in the search term reached 100 RSV on 19 April (Fig. 1). The interest in the search term 'how to quit alcohol' showed significant increase on 11 February (100 RSV). However, the interest for both the search terms was not stable over the study period (Fig. 1). Our study results showed no consistent increase in the number of searches for quitting smoking or quitting alcohol on Google during the study period (February to May). A recent study analyzing Google Trends regarding smoking cessation searches worldwide during the early months of the COVID-19 outbreak (9 January 2020 and 6 April 2020) also failed to show a tendency for increased interest in any of the key terms related to smoking cessation ('quit smoking,' 'smoking cessation,' 'help quit smoking,' and 'nicotine gum').8 However, another study from the Netherlands showed a significant increase in RSV 1 to 4 weeks after the introduction of the smoking ban in restaurants and bars in 2008, and also after the introduction of smoking cessation support in 2011.10 Our study results may indicate that there has been no significant increased interest in quitting smoking and alcohol, at least among the Indian population who use online resources for health-related information. Our results further highlight the need for continuing public health efforts to inform the Indian public regarding the negative effects of smoking and alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, our study results were preliminary, and further research is needed to determine the long-term trend and compare it to the results of other studies. No conflicts of interest. No financial disclosures.