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Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT

2020; IOP Publishing; Volume: 897; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3847/1538-4357/ab96c6

1538-4357

Roman Gold, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Christian M. Fromm, Charles F. Gammie, Monika Mościbrodzka, Hung-Yi Pu, Thomas Bronzwaer, Jordy Davelaar, Jason Dexter, David Ball, Chi‐kwan Chan, Tomohisa Kawashima, Yosuke Mizuno, Bart Ripperda, Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, M. Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, W. Boland, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Dominique Broguière, Do‐Young Byun, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Ming‐Tang Chen, Yong‐Jun Chen, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, J. E. Conway, J. M. Cordes, G. Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Ralph P. Eatough, H. Falcke, Vincent L. Fish, Ed Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Bill Freeman, Per Friberg, José L. Gómez, Peter Galison, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, C. Goddi, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, M. H. Hecht, R. Hesper, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, D. H. Hughes, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, A. Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, R. Karuppusamy, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Zhiyuan Li, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, M. Krämer, C. Krämer, T. P. Krichbaum, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Tod R. Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Li, Rocco Lico, M. Lindqvist, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, A. P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Sera Markoff, J. Mao, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, K. M. Menten, Izumi Mizuno, J. M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Cornelia Müller, Hiroshi Nagai, Masanori Nakamura, Neil M. Nagar, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, R. Neri, Chunchong Ni, A. Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Jongho Park, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, R. L. Plambeck, Vincent Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Freek Roelofs, A. E. E. Rogers, E. Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, A. L. Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, K. L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Mahito Sasada, T. Savolainen, K. Schüster, F. Peter Schloerb, Lijing Shao, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, Paul Tiede, Fumie Tazaki, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael S. Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Tyler Trent, Thalia Traianou, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, H. J. van Langevelde, Ilse van Bemmel, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jan Wagner, J. F. C. Wardle, Norbert Wex, Jonathan Weintroub, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N. Wong, Qingwen Wu, Doosoo Yoon, Ken Young, André Young, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Yuan, J. A. Zensus, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu,

Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration has recently produced the first resolved images of the central supermassive black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy M87. Here we report on tests of the consistency and accuracy of the general relativistic radiative transfer codes used within the collaboration to model M87* and Sgr A*. We compare and evaluate (1) deflection angles for equatorial null geodesics in a Kerr spacetime; (2) images calculated from a series of simple, parameterized matter distributions in the Kerr metric using simplified emissivities and absorptivities; (3) for a subset of codes, images calculated from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations using different realistic synchrotron emissivities and absorptivities; (4) observables for the 2017 configuration of EHT, including visibility amplitudes and closure phases. The error in total flux is of order 1% when the codes are run with production numerical parameters. The dominant source of discrepancies for small camera distances is the location and detailed setup of the software "camera" that each code uses to produce synthetic images. We find that when numerical parameters are suitably chosen and the camera is sufficiently far away the images converge and that for given transfer coefficients, numerical uncertainties are unlikely to limit parameter estimation for the current generation of EHT observations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a verification and comparison of EHT radiative transfer codes. It is not to verify EHT models more generally.