Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

COVID-19 and school return: The need and necessity

2020; Elsevier BV; Volume: 54; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.pedn.2020.07.015

1532-8449

Cecily L. Betz,

Human Health and Disease

A national discussion is underway concerning the safe return of children to school. Since early 2020, when not only this country but the world came to a halt in response to the declaration on March 11 of the COVID-19 Pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), health care professionals, scientists, government and public health officials have worked to ensure the health and safety of the public with attention to the most vulnerable (World Health Organization, 2020World Health Organization Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19).https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happenDate: 2020Google Scholar). Several editorials have been published in this journal addressing the COVID-19 health concerns pertaining to children (Fry-Bowers, 2020Fry-Bowers E.K. Children are at risk from COVID-19.Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020; 53: A10-A12https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.026Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar; Vessey and Betz, 2020Vessey J.A. Betz C.L. Everything old is new again: COVID-19 and public health.Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020; 52: A7-A8https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.03.014Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar). One of those editorials, authored by Dr. Eileen Fry-Bowers, 2020Fry-Bowers E.K. Children are at risk from COVID-19.Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2020; 53: A10-A12https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.026Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, entitled Children are at Risk from COVID-19 was cited at a recent Senate Hearing by Senator Cassidy of Louisiana. The circumstances have since changed and will continue to evolve with ever increasing knowledge and understanding about SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2020aAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report.https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/Date: 2020Google Scholar). As this Pandemic continues, urgent efforts have been undertaken to treat those critically and seriously ill, prevent the spread of infection and develop a vaccine for population protection (Rajmil, 2020Rajmil L. Role of children in the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid scoping review.BMJ paediatrics open. 2020; 4e000722https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000722Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). It is timely to address this pressing concern for families, children and youth-returning to school safely in the midst of this Pandemic and the roles and responsibilities of pediatric nurses in supporting their school return. As evidence accumulates to inform treatment and public health preventive practices, questions arise as to the current and long-term psychosocial concerns and risk factors affecting the health and wellbeing of children that are the indirect yet problematic effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic (Rajmil, 2020Rajmil L. Role of children in the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid scoping review.BMJ paediatrics open. 2020; 4e000722https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000722Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). Child health experts, educators and families themselves, are calling attention to the actual and potential consequences of the necessary preventive practices of social distancing and stay at home directives (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2020bAmerican Academy of Pediatrics COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry.https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/covid-19-planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools/Date: 2020Google Scholar; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States.https://www.cdc.gov/mis-c/cases/index.htmlDate: 2020Google Scholar; Fitzgerald et al., 2020Fitzgerald D.A. Nunn K. Isaacs D. Consequences of physical distancing emanating from the COVID-19 pandemic: An Australian perspective.Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2020; S1526–0542 (Advance online publication): 30090-30097https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.005Google Scholar; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, 2020National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Schools Should Prioritize Reopening in Fall 2020, Especially for Grades K-5, While Weighing Risks and Benefits Retrieved on July 20, 2020 from.https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2020/07/schools-should-prioritize-reopening-in-fall-2020-especially-for-grades-k-5-while-weighing-risks-and-benefitsDate: July 15, 2020Google Scholar; National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 2020National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners Prioritizing Return to School for Children in COVID-19 Policy Planning Retrieved on July 20, 2020 from.https://www.napnap.org/prioritizing-return-school-children-covid-19-policy-planningDate: 2020Google Scholar). Pediatric nurses have important roles and responsibilities in providing evidence-based guidance and support to parents, children and youth about preventive practices on the safe and needed return to school. It is understandable that parents, their children and the public are anxious about school return given the unrelenting yet needed focus on containing this Pandemic; however, the attention to the science is needed when providing guidance. Data reported worldwide indicate lower rates of infection in children. In Iceland, no children under 10 years of age were reported positive; for those 10 years of age and older, 0.8% were infected (Gudbjartsson et al., 2020Gudbjartsson D.F. Helgason A. Jonsson H. Magnusson O.T. Melsted P. Norddahl G.L. Saemundsdottir J. Sigurdsson A. Sulem P. Agustsdottir A.B. Eiriksdottir B. Fridriksdottir R. Gardarsdottir E.E. Georgsson G. Gretarsdottir O.S. Gudmundsson K.R. Gunnarsdottir T.R. Gylfason A. Holm H. Jensson B.O. Stefansson K. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic population.The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 382: 2302-2315https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2006100Crossref PubMed Scopus (851) Google Scholar). In Italy, children younger than 18 years of age accounted for 1% of the total population infected with COVID-19; none of these children died (Parri et al., 2020Parri N. Lenge M. Buonsenso D. Coronavirus Infection in Pediatric Emergency Departments (CONFIDENCE) Research Group Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency Departments in Italy.The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 383: 187-190https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007617Crossref PubMed Scopus (472) Google Scholar). In the United States, as of August 6, 2020, 380,174 children have been infected representing 9.1%of the COVID-19 population. However of concern, a more recent spike of 179,990 children with COVID-19 was reported from July 9 to August 6 demonstrating the ever-changing nature of this Pandemic. The pediatric COVID-19 deaths reported by states, now ranges from 0% to 0.4%, with nineteen of the states reporting no COVID-19 deaths of children (American Academy of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Association, 2020aAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and Children''s Hospital Association Children and COVID-19: State Data Report.https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/AAP%20and%20CHA%20-%20Children%20and%20COVID-19%20State%20Data%20Report%207.16.20%20FINAL.pdfDate: 2020Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Association, 2020bAmerican Academy of Pediatrics and Children''s Hospital Association Children and COVID-19: State Data Report..https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/AAP%20and%20CHA%20-%20Children%20and%20COVID-19%20State%20Data%20Report%208.6.20%20FINAL.pdfDate: 2020Google Scholar). Currently, the evidence suggests that low levels of transmission are associated with children (Lee and Raszka Jr, 2020Lee B. Raszka Jr., W.V. COVID-19 transmission and children: The child is not to blame.Pediatrics. 2020; (e2020004879. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-004879Crossref Scopus (125) Google Scholar; Rajmil, 2020Rajmil L. Role of children in the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid scoping review.BMJ paediatrics open. 2020; 4e000722https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000722Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar). The evidence also reveals that contact tracing of children with COVID-19 is associated with household contacts (Kelvin and Halperin, 2020Kelvin A.A. Halperin S. COVID-19 in children: The link in the transmission chain.The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 2020; 20: 633-634https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30236-XAbstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar; Lee and Raszka Jr, 2020Lee B. Raszka Jr., W.V. COVID-19 transmission and children: The child is not to blame.Pediatrics. 2020; (e2020004879. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-004879Crossref Scopus (125) Google Scholar; Posfay-Barbe et al., 2020Posfay-Barbe K.M. Wagner N. Gauthey M. Moussaoui D. Loevy N. Diana A. L'Huillier A.G. COVID-19 in children and the dynamics of infection in families.Pediatrics. 2020; (e20201576. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1576Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar). In Ireland, contact tracing of 6 individuals (3 children; 3 adults), reported no confirmed cases of COVID-19 as transmitted to school children involving 924 child contacts and 101 adult contacts (Heavey et al., 2020Heavey L. Casey G. Kelly C. Kelly D. McDarby G. No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland, 2020.Euro surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2020; 25: 2000903https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903Crossref Scopus (170) Google Scholar). It would appear that children of elementary school age are at the lowest risk of infection (Lee and Raszka Jr, 2020Lee B. Raszka Jr., W.V. COVID-19 transmission and children: The child is not to blame.Pediatrics. 2020; (e2020004879. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-004879Crossref Scopus (125) Google Scholar). Children with COVID-19 infection may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms (Posfay-Barbe et al., 2020Posfay-Barbe K.M. Wagner N. Gauthey M. Moussaoui D. Loevy N. Diana A. L'Huillier A.G. COVID-19 in children and the dynamics of infection in families.Pediatrics. 2020; (e20201576. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1576Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar; Viner et al., 2020Viner R.M. Russell S.J. Croker H. Packer J. Ward J. Stansfield C. Booy R. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid systematic review.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health. 2020; 4: 397-404https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-XAbstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1282) Google Scholar). The mild symptoms reported in children have been headaches, nasal discharge, loss of smell and gastrointestinal symptoms (Posfay-Barbe et al., 2020Posfay-Barbe K.M. Wagner N. Gauthey M. Moussaoui D. Loevy N. Diana A. L'Huillier A.G. COVID-19 in children and the dynamics of infection in families.Pediatrics. 2020; (e20201576. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1576Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar). Noteworthy, as with adults, children who have medically complex conditions, those who are obese and with long-term conditions are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection (Wyckoff, 2020Wyckoff A.S. AAP news: CDC: Obesity among conditions that up risk of severe COVID-19 disease.https://www.aappublications.org/news/2020/06/26/covid19underlyingconditions062520Date: 2020Google Scholar). Reports of children diagnosed with a Kawasaki-type syndrome, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) due to SARS-CoV-2 is rare (American College of Cardiology, 2020American College of Cardiology ACR MIS-C and COVID-19 related Hyperinflammation task Force. Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in COVID-19.https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/ACR-COVID-19-Clinical-Guidance-Summary-MIS-C-Hyperinflammation.pdfDate: June 17, 2020Google Scholar; Munro and Faust, 2020Munro A. Faust S.N. Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders: Time to go back to school.Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2020; 105: 618-619https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319474Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report of August 6, 2020, there were 570 cases and 10 deaths reported (CDC, 2020). Given the aforementioned evidence, experts worldwide and including those in the U.S. are recommending that children go back to school (Munro and Faust, 2020Munro A. Faust S.N. Children are not COVID-19 super spreaders: Time to go back to school.Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2020; 105: 618-619https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319474Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar). Most recent reports indicate that the pattern of illness in children is similar worldwide, including low and middle income countries (LMIC) (Zar et al., 2020Zar H.J. Dawa J. Fischer G.B. Castro-Rodriguez J.A. Challenges of COVID-19 in children in low- and middle-income countries.Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2020https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.016Crossref Scopus (131) Google Scholar). However, children in LMIC are thought to be at greater risk given the prevalence of malnutrition, HIV, lower tract respiratory infections and other infectious diseases such as malaria and cholera. As well, LMIC are under resourced in terms of available health services and needed supplies for COVID-19 treatment and preventive measures. Additionally, sanitation and social conditions associated with poverty such as overcrowding, inadequate housing adversely affect children and their families in accessing services and supports during the pandemic. Of major concern in LMIC as well as globally, are the adverse psychosocial effects of social isolation, and lack or limited remote access to educational programs (Lee, 2020Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19.The lancet. Child & adolescent health. 2020; 4: 421https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar). Of concern in LMIC is the COVID-19 impact on the provision of essential health services such as maternal-child care (Menendez et al., 2020Menendez C. Gonzalez R. Donnay F. Leke R. Avoiding indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health.The Lancet. Global Health. 2020; 8: e863-e864https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30239-4Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). According to a recent UNESCO, 2020UNESCO Education: From disruption to recovery.https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponseDate: July 22, 2020Google Scholar, 143 countries have closed schools affecting more than a billion learners in an effort to contain the global pandemic. Although these efforts have been undertaken to slow the spread of COVID-19, child health experts warn of adverse consequences for their learning, social and emotional well-being (Heavey et al., 2020Heavey L. Casey G. Kelly C. Kelly D. McDarby G. No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland, 2020.Euro surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2020; 25: 2000903https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903Crossref Scopus (170) Google Scholar). Other problems include lack of access to school-based mental health service and access to primary care through a school-based clinic. Additionally, the schools serve as a resource that provides needed child care support enabling parents to work (Rothstein and Olympia, 2020Rothstein R. Olympia R.P. School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: The approach to maintaining student health and wellness during COVID-19 school closures.NASN School Nurse (Print). 2020; (1942602X20935612. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20935612Crossref Scopus (29) Google Scholar). Also affected are disruptions to the child's daily routines as the structure of the school day promotes the child's wellbeing (Rothstein and Olympia, 2020Rothstein R. Olympia R.P. School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: The approach to maintaining student health and wellness during COVID-19 school closures.NASN School Nurse (Print). 2020; (1942602X20935612. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20935612Crossref Scopus (29) Google Scholar). Needed playful and physical activities as well as organized sports are now curtailed with school closures. Other options for children and youth such as access to child care settings, parks, public pools, and organized sports activities, and summer camps are now restricted (Teo and Griffiths, 2020Teo S. Griffiths G. Child protection in the time of COVID-19.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2020; 56: 838-840https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14916Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Additionally, children are exposed to new family stresses and disruptions caused by the pandemic. Families face parental unemployment, uncertain financial situations and worrisome issues pertaining to family incomes (Lee, 2020Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19.The lancet. Child & adolescent health. 2020; 4: 421https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar; Viner et al., 2020Viner R.M. Russell S.J. Croker H. Packer J. Ward J. Stansfield C. Booy R. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid systematic review.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health. 2020; 4: 397-404https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-XAbstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1282) Google Scholar). The consequences of parental unemployment/underemployment have immediate and far reaching effects. For many families, funds for discretionary spending will by necessity need to be reallocated for more basic familial needs for food and shelter and thereby indirectly affecting usual family-and child-centered activities. For some families, housing arrangements may necessitate overcrowding or result in possible homelessness (Fitzgerald et al., 2020Fitzgerald D.A. Nunn K. Isaacs D. Consequences of physical distancing emanating from the COVID-19 pandemic: An Australian perspective.Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2020; S1526–0542 (Advance online publication): 30090-30097https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.005Google Scholar). As experts caution, the acute and long-term mental health effects of the pandemic need to be acknowledged and investigated. That is, children are now experiencing a myriad of social and personal crises during this pandemic-social isolation from friends, disruptions in daily activities, and family hardships that are challenging now and may manifest later as having difficulties with school reintegration, academic performance and emergence of behavioral problems (Wade et al., 2020Wade M. Prime H. Browne D.T. Why we need longitudinal mental health research with children and youth during (and after) the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychiatry Research. 2020; 290 (Advance online publication): 113143https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113143Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar). Vulnerable children such as those living in poverty, those with learning disabilities and special needs, and living in toxic social situations can be at higher risk for mental health problems (Wade et al., 2020Wade M. Prime H. Browne D.T. Why we need longitudinal mental health research with children and youth during (and after) the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychiatry Research. 2020; 290 (Advance online publication): 113143https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113143Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar). Of particular concern are the consequences for children who live in poverty. These children live in homes that have inadequate resources for virtual learning that will contribute to learning deficits, and thereby falling further behind with expected academic performance for grade level. Children from low-resourced homes are likely to have limited space for doing school work, inadequate temperature controls for heating and cooling and safe outdoor space for exercise (Van Lancker and Parolin, 2020Van Lancker W. Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making.The Lancet. Public health. 2020; 5: e243-e244https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (834) Google Scholar). Furthermore, this group of children are at high risk for food insecurity as they may not have access to school lunches/breakfasts with school closures (Rothstein and Olympia, 2020Rothstein R. Olympia R.P. School nurses on the front lines of healthcare: The approach to maintaining student health and wellness during COVID-19 school closures.NASN School Nurse (Print). 2020; (1942602X20935612. Advance online publication)https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X20935612Crossref Scopus (29) Google Scholar; Van Lancker and Parolin, 2020Van Lancker W. Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making.The Lancet. Public health. 2020; 5: e243-e244https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (834) Google Scholar). As has been demonstrated, the "learning gap" between children from families who live in poverty compared to those who do not will likely widen as has been evidenced in previous studies examining school summer vacations (Van Lancker and Parolin, 2020Van Lancker W. Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making.The Lancet. Public health. 2020; 5: e243-e244https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (834) Google Scholar). As the national dialogue continues about reopening schools, pediatric nurses have opportunities to listen to the concerns of parents and the public and provide evidence-based guidance on school return whether in hospitals, outpatient clinics or community-based settings where care is provided. These are important times to assist parents with their questions and address their worries and anxieties about their children's return to school. As nursing professionals, offering families with evidence-based guidance and the resources they need to make informed decisions is essential. At this time, school-nurses will have important and pivotal roles in school settings to inform their school-based colleagues, families and students on the evidence and best practices. A number of valuable resources are available for assistance that are listed below as questions and issues arise as the course of this pandemic unfolds.