Never Waste a Crisis: Drawing First Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic to Tackle the Water Crisis
2020; American Chemical Society; Volume: 1; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1021/acsestwater.0c00041
ISSN2690-0637
AutoresTom van der Voorn, Caroline van den Berg, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jaco Quist,
Tópico(s)Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
ResumoInfoMetricsFiguresRef. ACS ES&T WaterVol 1/Issue 1Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse ViewpointAugust 11, 2020Never Waste a Crisis: Drawing First Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic to Tackle the Water CrisisClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!Tom van der Voorn*Tom van der VoornUniversity of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastrasse 12, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany*Email: [email protected]. Telephone: +49 (0)541-696-3348.More by Tom van der Voornhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-8089Caroline van den BergCaroline van den BergWorld Bank, 1850 I Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20433-0001, United StatesMore by Caroline van den BergProsun BhattacharyaProsun BhattacharyaDepartment of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, SwedenMore by Prosun Bhattacharyahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9950Jaco QuistJaco QuistFaculty of Technology, Policy, Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft, The NetherlandsMore by Jaco QuistOpen PDFACS ES&T WaterCite this: ACS EST Water 2021, 1, 1, 8–10Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00041https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00041Published August 11, 2020 Publication History Received 21 June 2020Accepted 30 June 2020Published online 11 August 2020Published in issue 8 January 2021article-commentaryCopyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.ClimateCOVID-19Infectious diseasesSolution chemistryVaccinationWastesAs billions of people have been or still are under lockdown to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries around the world are implementing strategies to deal with the pandemic and its impacts on society. Rapid answers are needed, and the solutions may well be found outside the approaches that are usually prescribed for such events. The urgent immediacy of COVID-19 provides a lens into how to deal with many other slow-burning crises such as the water and climate crises.The COVID-19 pandemic is prompting questions for the water supply and sanitation sector globally and especially in those areas, which are already under stress due to physical or economic water scarcity. As access to water supply and proper hygiene are crucial in fighting off this pandemic, countries need to step up efforts to effectively tackle the water shortage.In the spirit of never letting a crisis go to waste, what lessons can be drawn from the pandemic for tackling the water crisis? The water crisis and the COVID-19 crisis are two very different societal challenges, but both have some key characteristics in common. VulnerabilityThe pandemic especially hits the elderly, sick, and poor. This is essentially how every crisis leaves its traces in society. It is always those that are the most vulnerable that suffer the most as they do not have the resources to deal with such major adverse events. (1) Transboundary CharacterBoth the water crisis and the COVID-19 crisis do not respect national boundaries. Just as the virus does not stop at the border, neither does the climate or water. (2) Collaborating is key to solving a pandemic or a crisis. (3) Wicked ProblemsBoth the water crisis and the COVID-19 crisis are wicked problems, which means that there is neither complete knowledge nor are there clear-cut solutions while stakeholders may disagree on the way forward. (4) Wicked problems are persistent because they are extremely interconnected with other problems. (5) Just as the pandemic exposes the socioeconomic structures of the countries in which it rages, so does the water crisis show how water use is affected by the physical environment, socioeconomic systems, and government policies.So what lessons can we learn from the first experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic? Lesson 1: Laissez Faire Is Not a SolutionA pandemic does not allow governments to do nothing as that will increase the numbers of people getting infected, and who subsequently may die. Even when information is incomplete and uncertain, decisions will have to be made. Similarly, the water crisis asks for immediate solutions. (6) Just waiting until the finance comes around for constructing huge water (and wastewater) infrastructure is not effective as the number of people suffering from the water crisis becomes more unmanageable when solutions are continuously postponed. Lesson 2: A Crisis Needs More Than One Solution to Solve a ProblemCOVID19 shows that different governments use various measures to deal with the pandemic. These measures vary from prevention (social distancing, wearing masks, handwashing, and overall cleanliness of high-touch areas) to cures (vaccine development, production, distribution, and application and existing medical procedures, such as ventilation and intubation, but also laying patients on their stomach to increase oxygen flow). The water crisis is often set on using very few and often very expensive solutions. Using many different solutions creates less vulnerability and more resilience, while also being able to ensure that many more people are getting access to safe water supplies that will also allow them to practice proper hygiene. (7) Lesson 3: Simple Solutions Are Not Necessarily Inferior SolutionsManaging the COVID19 pandemic in the absence of a vaccine means a strong dependence on relatively simple, and often age-old solutions, such as social distancing, quarantine, wearing masks, handwashing, and overall cleanliness. The advantage of depending more on simple, low-cost technologies is that they avoid technological lock-in. The good news is that in some way the current interest in nature-based solutions in water management shows that relatively simple solutions are becoming more acceptable. But there is a much wider range of solutions that are needed to improve water quality for households and industries and provide access to water from rainwater harvesting and green or blue roofs to water reuse and recycling at the building level. (8) Lesson 4: Local Factors Cannot Be DiscountedThe morbidity rates of COVID-19 show wide variations between countries and regions, and they cannot all be attributed to the management of the pandemic. Socioeconomic realities play a key role in who gets infected and who will survive the disease. Similarly, solving the water crisis will require local solutions. (9) What works in one context may not work in another due to the physical and/or socioeconomic environment, cultural sensitivities, and political realities. Lesson 5: Major Crises Ask for Radical SolutionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has put solutions on the forefront that would have been unthinkable several months ago, ranging from wide-scale working from home, massive on-line learning, universal basic income, and unprecedented government transfers. The incremental approach of change that is used for a slow-burning crisis like the water crisis or the climate crisis for that matter asks for similarly radical solutions. (10) An incremental change may be easier for our brain to manage, but it does not fit with the solutions needed. As Albert Einstein said many years ago, "we cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when creating them". Lesson 6: Global Governance in Times of CrisesGlobal governance is needed to manage globalized societies through crises. The COVID-19 crisis has shown that there is barely any form of global governance being effective, with the WHO being sidelined and the EU mostly missing in action, which leaves each country to fend for itself. Like the water crisis, the COVID-19 crisis is not just a physical phenomenon, but mainly a governance issue related to growing global demand combined with unsustainable production practices, which have a negative impact on the microbiology of the built environment, including the presence of viruses and their sources, spatial and temporal dynamics, and interactions with bacteria. As such, the COVID-19 crisis should help us to promote sustainable development and global governance, which will also be key ingredients for solving the water crisis. (11)Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorTom van der Voorn - University of Osnabrück, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastrasse 12, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-8089; Email: [email protected]AuthorsCaroline van den Berg - World Bank, 1850 I Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20433-0001, United StatesProsun Bhattacharya - Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9950Jaco Quist - Faculty of Technology, Policy, Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft, The NetherlandsNotesThe authors declare no competing financial interest.ReferencesClick to copy section linkSection link copied! This article references 11 other publications. 1Garrick, D.; Hope, R. Water Security, Risk and Society: Strategic Report on Research Findings, Gaps and Opportunities. Submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council by Oxford University Water Security Network. Oxford University Water Security Network, 2012.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.2Ganoulis, J.; Fried, J. Transboundary Water Conflicts and Cooperation. In Transboundary Hydro-Governance: From Conflict to Shared Management; Ganoulis, J., Fried, J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp 55– 76.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.3Bivins, A.; North, D.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmed, W.; Alm, E.; Been, F.; Bhattacharya, P.; Bijlsma, L.; Boehm, A. B.; Brown, J.; Buttiglieri, G.; Calabro, V.; Carducci, A.; Castiglioni, S.; Cetecioglu Gurol, Z.; Chakraborty, S.; Costa, F.; Curcio, S.; de los Reyes, F. 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Tahmidul; Jones, Davey L.; Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara; Kitajima, Masaaki; Kotlarz, Nadine; Kumar, Manish; Kuroda, Keisuke; La Rosa, Giuseppina; Malpei, Francesca; Mautus, Mariana; McLellan, Sandra L.; Medema, Gertjan; Meschke, John Scott; Mueller, Jochen; Newton, Ryan J.; Nilsson, David; Noble, Rachel T.; van Nuijs, Alexander; Peccia, Jordan; Perkins, T. Alex; Pickering, Amy J.; Rose, Joan; Sanchez, Gloria; Smith, Adam; Stadler, Lauren; Stauber, Christine; Thomas, Kevin; van der Voorn, Tom; Wigginton, Krista; Zhu, Kevin; Bibby, KyleEnvironmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (13), 7754-7757CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) A review. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFeltrjP&md5=fca82282264a6ab9151eac254d9a03714Balasubramanya, S.; Stifel, D. Viewpoint: Water, agriculture & poverty in an era of climate change: Why do we know so little?. 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Recognizing greywater as a relevant secondary source of water and nutrients represents an important chance for the sustainable management of water resource. In the last two decades, many studies analyzed the environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of the reuse of greywater treated by nature-based solns. (NBS). This work reviews existing case studies of traditional constructed wetlands and new integrated technologies (e.g., green roofs and green walls) for greywater treatment and reuse, with a specific focus on their treatment performance as a function of hydraulic operating parameters. The aim of this work is to understand if the application of NBS can represent a valid alternative to conventional treatment technologies, providing quant. indications for their design. Specifically, indications concerning threshold values of hydraulic design parameters to guarantee high removal performance are suggested. Finally, the existing literature on life cycle anal. of NBS for greywater treatment has been examd., confirming the provided environmental benefits. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitlegsb%252FF&md5=b8bf9ce0355a789b10630292d1f1d0d59Tratras Contis, E. Water: Global Issues, Local Solutions. In Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Vol. 1219, pp 57– 76.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.10Desjardins, R. L. Climate Change─A Long-term Global Environmental Challenge. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2013, 77, 247– 252, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.084 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.11Cook, C.; Bakker, K. Water security: Debating an emerging paradigm. 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Current Pollution Reports 2020, 6 (4) , 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-020-00161-5Download PDFFiguresReferencesOpen PDF Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsACS ES&T WaterCite this: ACS EST Water 2021, 1, 1, 8–10Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00041Published August 11, 2020 Publication History Received 21 June 2020Accepted 30 June 2020Published online 11 August 2020Published in issue 8 January 2021Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsArticle Views4361Altmetric-Citations24Learn about these metrics closeArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. 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In Transboundary Hydro-Governance: From Conflict to Shared Management; Ganoulis, J., Fried, J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp 55– 76.There is no corresponding record for this reference.3Bivins, A.; North, D.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmed, W.; Alm, E.; Been, F.; Bhattacharya, P.; Bijlsma, L.; Boehm, A. B.; Brown, J.; Buttiglieri, G.; Calabro, V.; Carducci, A.; Castiglioni, S.; Cetecioglu Gurol, Z.; Chakraborty, S.; Costa, F.; Curcio, S.; de los Reyes, F. L.; Delgado Vela, J.; Farkas, K.; Fernandez-Casi, X.; Gerba, C.; Gerrity, D.; Girones, R.; Gonzalez, R.; Haramoto, E.; Harris, A.; Holden, P. A.; Islam, M. T.; Jones, D. L.; Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.; Kitajima, M.; Kotlarz, N.; Kumar, M.; Kuroda, K.; La Rosa, G.; Malpei, F.; Mautus, M.; McLellan, S. L.; Medema, G.; Meschke, J. S.; Mueller, J.; Newton, R. J.; Nilsson, D.; Noble, R. T.; van Nuijs, A.; Peccia, J.; Perkins, T. A.; Pickering, A. J.; Rose, J.; Sanchez, G.; Smith, A.; Stadler, L.; Stauber, C.; Thomas, K.; van der Voorn, T.; Wigginton, K.; Zhu, K.; Bibby, K. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Global Collaborative to Maximize Contributions in the Fight Against COVID-19. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 (13), 7754– 7757, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02388 3Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Global Collaborative to Maximize Contributions in the Fight Against COVID-19Bivins, Aaron; North, Devin; Ahmad, Arslan; Ahmed, Warish; Alm, Eric; Been, Frederic; Bhattacharya, Prosun; Bijlsma, Lubertus; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Brown, Joe; Buttiglieri, Gianluigi; Calabro, Vincenza; Carducci, Annalaura; Castiglioni, Sara; Cetecioglu Gurol, Zeynep; Chakraborty, Sudip; Costa, Federico; Curcio, Stefano; de los Reyes, Francis L.; Delgado Vela, Jeseth; Farkas, Kata; Fernandez-Casi, Xavier; Gerba, Charles; Gerrity, Daniel; Girones, Rosina; Gonzalez, Raul; Haramoto, Eiji; Harris, Angela; Holden, Patricia A.; Islam, Md. Tahmidul; Jones, Davey L.; Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara; Kitajima, Masaaki; Kotlarz, Nadine; Kumar, Manish; Kuroda, Keisuke; La Rosa, Giuseppina; Malpei, Francesca; Mautus, Mariana; McLellan, Sandra L.; Medema, Gertjan; Meschke, John Scott; Mueller, Jochen; Newton, Ryan J.; Nilsson, David; Noble, Rachel T.; van Nuijs, Alexander; Peccia, Jordan; Perkins, T. Alex; Pickering, Amy J.; Rose, Joan; Sanchez, Gloria; Smith, Adam; Stadler, Lauren; Stauber, Christine; Thomas, Kevin; van der Voorn, Tom; Wigginton, Krista; Zhu, Kevin; Bibby, KyleEnvironmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (13), 7754-7757CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society) A review. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFeltrjP&md5=fca82282264a6ab9151eac254d9a03714Balasubramanya, S.; Stifel, D. Viewpoint: Water, agriculture & poverty in an era of climate change: Why do we know so little?. Food Policy 2020, 93, 101905, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101905 There is no corresponding record for this reference.5Termeer, C.; Dewulf, A.; Breeman, G. Governance of Wicked Climate Adaptation Problems. In Climate Change Governance; Knieling, J., Leal Filho, W., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, 2013; pp 27– 39.There is no corresponding record for this reference.6Vörösmarty, C. J.; Rodríguez Osuna, V.; Cak, A. D.; Bhaduri, A.; Bunn, S. E.; Corsi, F.; Gastelumendi, J.; Green, P.; Harrison, I.; Lawford, R.; Marcotullio, P. J.; McClain, M.; McDonald, R.; McIntyre, P.; Palmer, M.; Robarts, R. D.; Szöllösi-Nagy, A.; Tessler, Z.; Uhlenbrook, S. Ecosystem-based water security and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. 2018, 18 (4), 317– 333, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.07.004 There is no corresponding record for this reference.7Johannessen, S.; Wamsler, C. What does resilience mean for urban water services?. Ecology and Society 2017, 22 (1), 1, DOI: 10.5751/ES-08870-220101 There is no corresponding record for this reference.8Boano, F.; Caruso, A.; Costamagna, E.; Ridolfi, L.; Fiore, S.; Demichelis, F.; Galvão, A.; Pisoeiro, J.; Rizzo, A.; Masi, F. A review of nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design, and environmental benefits. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 711, 134731, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134731 8Review of nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design, and environmental benefitsBoano, Fulvio; Caruso, Alice; Costamagna, Elisa; Ridolfi, Luca; Fiore, Silvia; Demichelis, Francesca; Galvao, Ana; Pisoeiro, Joana; Rizzo, Anacleto; Masi, FabioScience of the Total Environment (2020), 711 (), 134731CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.) A review. Recognizing greywater as a relevant secondary source of water and nutrients represents an important chance for the sustainable management of water resource. In the last two decades, many studies analyzed the environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of the reuse of greywater treated by nature-based solns. (NBS). This work reviews existing case studies of traditional constructed wetlands and new integrated technologies (e.g., green roofs and green walls) for greywater treatment and reuse, with a specific focus on their treatment performance as a function of hydraulic operating parameters. The aim of this work is to understand if the application of NBS can represent a valid alternative to conventional treatment technologies, providing quant. indications for their design. Specifically, indications concerning threshold values of hydraulic design parameters to guarantee high removal performance are suggested. Finally, the existing literature on life cycle anal. of NBS for greywater treatment has been examd., confirming the provided environmental benefits. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXitlegsb%252FF&md5=b8bf9ce0355a789b10630292d1f1d0d59Tratras Contis, E. Water: Global Issues, Local Solutions. In Chemistry without Borders: Careers, Research, and Entrepreneurship; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2016; Vol. 1219, pp 57– 76.There is no corresponding record for this reference.10Desjardins, R. L. Climate Change─A Long-term Global Environmental Challenge. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2013, 77, 247– 252, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.084 There is no corresponding record for this reference.11Cook, C.; Bakker, K. Water security: Debating an emerging paradigm. Global Environmental Change 2012, 22 (1), 94– 102, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.011 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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