Thaumetopoea pityocampa
2004; Wiley; Volume: 34; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Italiano
10.1111/j.1365-2338.2004.00731.x
ISSN1365-2338
Tópico(s)Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
ResumoEPPO BulletinVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 295-297 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests†Free Access Thaumetopoea pityocampa First published: 10 September 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2004.00731.xCitations: 6 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/37(1) Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Specific scope This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Specific approval and amendment Approved in 2003-09. Introduction Thaumetopoea pityocampa is a pest of Pinus, Cedrus and Larix in the Mediterranean and North Africa. It is present throughout the littoral zone and warmer regions, and can be found in the interior of the continent at sites where the climatic and site conditions are suitable. T. pityocampa's dependence on relatively high temperatures has limited its northern spread, and it appears unable to survive lower winter temperatures. The caterpillars cause severe damage to pine plantations, especially in warm districts and low altitudes. Young pine plantations are the most susceptible, and may be completely destroyed if the attack is severe enough. Less severe larval feeding damage can pave the way for harmful secondary pests and pathogens. Mature trees may suffer reductions in growth but are rarely killed outright by the pest. For more information on geographical distribution and hosts, see EPPO/CABI (1996). The hosts vary in their susceptibility to attack. In order of pest preference, the hosts include the genus Pinus (Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra var. laricio, Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus canariensis), followed by Cedrus atlantica and finally Larix decidua. Identity Name: Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Synonyms: Traumatocampa pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) in de Freina & Witt (1987); Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiff. Taxonomic position: Insecta: Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Thaumetopoeinae Bayer computer code: THAUPI Phytosanitary categorization: EU Annex designation II/B Detection The branches of appropriate hosts may be completely or partially defoliated by the feeding larvae (Web Fig. 11), causing localized or more general dieback of the infested tree. The characteristic silken communal nests (Web Fig. 10) can be seen from a distance on branches with some lateral shoots. On younger trees, these nests are typically found in the upper part of the crown. The nests are 12–25 cm long, usually oblong in shape and white to light grey in colour. Pupal cocoons (Web Fig. 9) can be found between February and July in the upper layers of the soil or in leaf litter. They are often found in the growing medium in which young plants are grown. Adults usually emerge between June and August but pupae can remain in diapause for 1–3 years. Adult moths remain hidden in trees during the day and fly by night. Both sexes may be successfully caught using UV light traps. Male specimens can be captured using pheromone traps containing the female sex pheromone. Identification Eggs: eggs are spherical and white; laid in groups cylindrically around pine needles (Web Fig. 7), usually on the lower branches of the crown. The egg mass is 25–40 mm wide and about 5 mm high and can contain 70–300 eggs. It is covered with scales produced by the female from the tip of her abdomen and is of a grey-brown colour similar to branches so that it is well camouflaged. Larva: the caterpillar has 5 larval stages. The body of the first instar caterpillar is a dull-green. After the second moult, the caterpillar assumes its definitive appearance. The full-grown caterpillar is 38–45 mm in length. The larva is covered in urticating hairs that can cause serious skin irritations, conjunctivitis, respiratory congestion and asthma in man and animals. These urticating hairs are in tufts which appear to be arranged in pairs on each body segment. The coloration of the integument and hairs which clothe the body vary considerably depending on the race of moth. In general, the integument is darker in colder areas and varies from dull bluish-grey to black. The head capsule is black. The lateral and ventral hairs vary from white (mostly) to dark yellow. The dorsal hairs range from yellow to dull orange and are borne on red-brown verrucae. The lower part of the body is light brown to brown (Web Fig. 8). Pupa: the pupa is in an oval silk cocoon of a brown-white colour. The obtect pupae are about 20 mm in length, oval, and of a pale brownish-yellow colour that later changes to dark reddish-brown. The cremaster is bluntly rounded, with two robust, curved spines. Adult: the female moth has a wingspan of 35–50 mm, the male is smaller with a wing-span of 30–40 mm. They both have a very pronounced jagged crest on the front. The forewings are dull ashen-grey; the veins, margins and three transverse bands are darker. The pattern on the female wing is less pronounced. The cross lines in this species are not sharply jagged but rather obtuse. The hindwings are white, grey fringed, with a characteristic grey-brown spot in the anal region. The antennae appear filiform in females and pectinate in males (see Web Fig. 3), but they are bipectinate in both sexes. They are yellowish at the base and rather brown at the tip. Both sexes have a hairy thorax. The abdomen of the female is stout and its last segments are covered with a tuft of large scales; the abdomen of the male is brushy and sharp. Rearing of eggs, caterpillars or pupae through to the adult stages is recommended for positive identification. For illustrations, see Plate 7 in Reugeot & Viette (1978) and de Freina & Witt (1987). Diagnosis of the genus Thaumetopoea After Kiriakoff (1970), antennae of both sexes are bipectinate (although appearing filiform in females) to apex. Naked eyes. Chaetosemata absent. Frons sometimes with a jagged crest (the canthus). Proboscis vestigial. Palps short, porrect. Hind tibiae with a single pair of spurs. Females with woolly anal pilosity. Wings rather short and broad. Forewings, the margin more or less straight, apex forming a right angle, termen evenly convex, tornus not distinct, dorsum slightly convex, a bit longer than half of the margin of wing. Forewings have vein 2 arising from four-fifth of the cell, 3 and 4 separated, 5 arising from the middle of the discocellulars which are concave, areole absent, 6, 7, 8 + 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwings have the margin slightly convex, apex and tornus rounded. Hindwing venation: vein 2 arising from three-quarters of the cell, 3 and 4 generally separated, but sometimes stalked, 5 arising from the middle of the discocellulars, 6 and 7 with long stalks (sometimes on three-quarters of the length), 8 closest to the cell at three-quarters of the cell. Male genitalia: short uncus, generally rounded, broad gnathos, bean-shaped or even semicircular. Broad tegumen, but constricting towards the apex. Valves more or less foliaceous, typically short process at the base of the costa, sometimes absent; sometimes a hooked costal or apical process. Aedeagus approximately as long as valve, slender, sickle-shaped in the distal part, lower fultura shield-shaped, proximal margin stretched to the angles. Saccus variable, typically rather long. Female genitalia: Sterigma usually narrow, with distal angles often stretched and with distal margin concave, abdominal tergite IX narrow. Ductus bursae not sclerotized. Signum present. For identification of larvae to family, see Patočka (1980). Diagnosis of species of the genus Thaumetopoea See Table 1 (Agenjo, 1941). For identification of species, see also Web Figs 1–5. Table 1. Key to adult Thaumetopoea spp. 1 Canthus convex and smooth 2 Canthus with protuberance 3 2 Hindwings without transverse band T. solitaria Hindwings with transverse band T. processionea 3 Underside of forewings grey 4 Underside of forewings chestnut-brown or whitish 7 4 Males with the transverse lines on the underside of the forewings black without yellow scales: females with anal scales longer than 2 mm or with the proximal part not pointed 5 Males with the transverse lines on the underside of the forewings black without yellow scales: females with anal scales not longer than 2 mm or with the proximal part not pointed 6 5 First segment of the discoidal vein (bent-elbowed line) on the underside of the forewing forming an angle of 35° with the costal margin T. pityocampa First segment of the the discoidal vein (bent-elbowed line) on the underside of the forewing forming an angle of 50° with the costal margin T. wilkinsoni 6 Extrabasal lines on the underside of the forewings are closer to the inner margin, than to the costal margin, where they converge together T. pinivora Extrabasal and bent lines on the underside of forewings are equidistant from the inner and costal margins T. bonjeani 7 Underside of the forewing with discoidal area T. herculeana Underside of the forewings without discoidal area T. jordana Possible confusion with similar species The related species T. pinivora has a more northerly range than T. pityocampa. The two species are very similar morphologically but differ as follows (see above and Web Figs 1–5): • T. pityocampa– cross lines on forewings are poorly or obtusely jagged, the postmedian line in the costal field is less divergent and reaches the inner margin of the wing at the second third. The fringes (scales on the edge of the wings) of the hindwings are white and brown-black only in the anal field. The thorax of the female is covered with light-grey scales. • T. pinivora– the cross lines on forewings are clearly and sharply jagged, the postmedian line in the costal field is very much divergent and reaches the inner margin of the wing on the third quarter. The fringes of the hindwings are grey. The thorax of the female is covered with dark-grey scales. These two species can easily be differentiated because of the presence in both species of a jagged chitinous crest called the ‘canthus’, which allows the emerging adults to dig towards the soil surface; the posterior indentations of the canthus are higher in T. pityocampa than in T. pinivora (see Web Fig. 1 a–b). A study of female anal scales also helps distinguish between closely related species. The anal scales are arranged in a tuft at the tip of the female abdomen (see Web Fig. 2). They are deposited on the egg masses at oviposition. A study of male genitalia may show differences which are difficult to observe. The two species can be differentiated by studying the forms of the ‘fulcrum’, which is a jagged chitinous structure at the base of the aedeagus (Web Fig. 4b). The fulcrum allows the separation of T. pityocampa from T. pinivora, and of those from two other species T. processionea and T. herculeana (Gomez Bustillo, 1978a, 1978b). There is also a difference in shape of the valve (Web Fig. 4a). Behavioral differences also allow differentiation between the two species. Both species are gregarious, but caterpillars of T. pityocampa aggregate in colonies and spin silken nests for shelter, which they enlarge as they develop and in which they overwinter, whereas T. pinivora caterpillars aggregate freely near the pine needles where they were born. T. pinivora overwinters as eggs attached to the pine needle and protected by female anal scales. T. pityocampa feeds on Pinus, Cedrus, Abies, Castanea, Larix, Quercus and Malus, whereas T. pinivora feeds only on Pinus spp. Requirements for a positive diagnosis The procedures for detection and identification described in this protocol should have been followed. The specimens should have the diagnostic characteristics of the genus Thaumetopoea as described in this protocol. Report on the diagnosis A report on the execution on the protocol should include: • information and documentation on the origin of the infested material • how many specimens were available for examination • drawings or photographs of the morphological features of the genus and species required for a positive diagnosis • comments as appropriate on the certainty or uncertainty of the identification. Preserved specimens of the pest should be retained. Further information Further information on this organism can be obtained from: S. Gomboc, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Institute of Phytomedicine, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; H. Evans, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK; J-C. Martin. INRA Unité Expérimentale Forestière Méditerranéenne – Avenue A. Vivaldi F-84 000 Avignon. Footnotes 1 The Figures in this Standard marked ‘Web Fig.’ are published on the EPPO website http://www.eppo.org. Acknowledgements This protocol was originally drafted by: S. Gomboc, Institute for Phytomedicine, Ljubljana (SI); J-F. Germain, LNPV, Montpellier (FR). References Agenjo R (1941) [Monograph of family Thaumetopoeidae (Lepidoptera).]. EOS – Revista Espanola de Entomologia 17, 69– 130 (in Spanish). de Freina JJ & Witt TJ (1987) Die Bombyces und Sphinges des Westpaläarctis, pp. 285– 296. Forschung. & Wissenschaft Verlag, München (DE). Demolin G, Frerot B, Chambon JP & Martin JC (1994) Réflexions biosystèmatiques sur toutes les processionnaires du genre Thaumetopoea considérées comme ravageurs des cèdres Cedrus libani et Cedrus atlantica sur le pourtour du bassin méditerranéen. Annales de Recherche Forestière du Maroc 27, 578– 591. EPPO/ CABI (1996) Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Quarantine Pests for Europe ( 2nd edn), pp. 532– 537. CAB International, Wallingford (GB). Gomez Bustillo MR (1978a) [Thaumetopoeidae (Aurivillius, 1891) of the Iberian peninsula: systematics, ecology and importance of the family.] Part 1. Revista de Lepidopterologia SHILAP 5, 283– 290 (in Spanish). Gomez Bustillo MR (1978b) [Thaumetopoeidae (Aurivillius, 1891) of the Iberian peninsula: systematics, ecology and importance of the family.] Part 2. Revista de Lepidopterologia SHILAP 6, 113– 124 (in Spanish). Kiriakoff SG (1970) Lepidoptera familia Thaumetopoeidae. In: Genera Insectorum de P. Wystman Belgique no. 219. Patočka J (1980) [Larvae and pupae of oak moths of central Europe.]. Monographien zur Angewandten Entomologie 23, 1– 188 (in German). Reugeot PC & Viette P (1978) Guide des Papillons Nocturnes d’Europe de d’Afrique du Nord. Delachaux & Niestlé, Paris (FR). Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2August 2004Pages 295-297 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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